Siemens Electric Motor Works Essay Example

Siemens Electric Motor Works Paper Ten years ago our electric motor business was in real trouble. Low labor rates allowed the Eastern Bloc countries to sell standard motors at prices we were unable to match. We had become the high-cost producer in the industry. Consequently, we decided to change our strategy and become a specialty motor producer. Once we adopted our new strategy, we discovered that while our existing cost system was adequate for costing standard motors, it was giving us inaccurate information when we used it to cost specialty motors. Mr. Karl-Heinz Lottes—Director of Business Operations, EMW SIEMENS CORPORATION Headquartered in Munich, Siemens AG, a producer of electrical and electronic products, was one of the world’s largest corporations. Revenues totaled 51 billion deutschmarks (DM) in 1987, with roughly half this amount representing sales outside of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Siemens organization was split into seven major groups and five corporate divisions. The largest group, Energy and Automation, accounted for 24 percent of total revenues. Low wattage alternating current (A/C) motors were produced at the Electric Motor Works (EMW), which was part of the Manufacturing Industries Division of the Energy and Automation Group. High wattage motors were produced at another facility. THE ELECTRIC MOTOR WORKS Located in the small town of Bad Neustadt, the original Siemens EMW plant was built in 1939 to manufacture refrigerator motors for â€Å"Volkskuhlschraenke† (people’s refrigerators). Less than a year later, Mr. Siemens decided to halt the production of refrigerator motors and began to produce electric motors for other applications. We will write a custom essay sample on Siemens Electric Motor Works specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Siemens Electric Motor Works specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Siemens Electric Motor Works specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the end of World War II, the Bad Neustadt plant was the only Siemens factory in West Germany capable of producing electric motors. All the other Siemens production facilities had been completely destroyed or seized by Eastern Bloc countries. After an aggressive rebuilding program, Bad Neudstadt emerged as the firm’s primary producer of electric motors. Through the 1970s, WMW produced about 200 different types of standard motors, at a total annual volume of about 230,000 motors. Standard motors accounted for 80 percent of sales volume—the remaining 20 percent were customized motors. The production process was characterized by relatively long runs of a single type of motor. Because identical motors were used by a wide range of customers, standard motors were inventoried and shipped as orders were received. Production of standard A/C motors was extremely competitive. The key to success was to reduce costs so that the firm could price aggressively while making a profit. Despite a major expansion and automation program begun in 1974, by the early 1980s it had become obvious that the lower labor rates of the Eastern Bloc competitors gave them an insurmountable cost advantage. CHANGE IN STRATEGY An extensive study of EMW’s production capabilities and the market for electric motors indicated that EMW was in a position to become a profitable producer of low-volume, customized A/C motors. To help implement this strategy, the Bad Neustadt plant was enlarged and dedicated to the manufacture of A/C motors with power ratings ranging from 0. 06 to 18. 5 kilowatts. These motors supported a number of applications including automation engineering, machine tools, plastic processing, and paper and printing machines. For the new strategy to succeed, EMW needed to be able to manufacture efficiently a large variety of motors in small production runs. Between 1985 and 1988, EMW spent DM50 million a year to replace almost every machine on the shop floor and thereby create a production environment that could support its new strategy. By 1987, the production process was highly automated with numerically controlled machines, flexible machining centers, and robotically fed production processes used throughout the factory. Large-volume common components were manufactured using the appropriate automated equipment, whereas very low-volume components might be made in manual processes. Where possible, flexible manufacturing was used to produce small-volume specialty components. While a normal annual production volume for common components might be 100,000 units, a single component could have up to 10,000 custom variations that might have to be produced one at a time. To design a custom motor, modifications were made to a standard motor design. The process involved determining where standard components would not be used. These standard components were replaced by custom components that provided the functionality required by the customer. By 1987, the EMW strategy seemed to be successful. Of a total of 65,625 orders accepted, 90 percent were for custom motors. A total of 630,000 motors was produced (see Exhibit 1). Including all customized variations, Siemens EMW produced about 10,000 unique products that collectively required 30,000 different special components. Exhibit 1 Distribution of Orders Accepted for Production in 1987 Number of Motors3% 630,0009%99 motors44% 52,80014%20-99 motors31% 157,50026%5-19 motors13% 75,60048%2-4 motors7% 31,5001 motor5% Number of Orders65,625 CHANGE IN THE CALCULATION OF PRODUCT COSTS Beginning in 1926, EMW had used a product costing system. This system assigned material and labor costs directly to the products and divided overhead costs into three categories: material related, production related, and support related. Material-related overhead included costs associate d with material acquisition, and was allocated to products based on their direct materials cost. Production-related overhead was directly traced into production cost centers, and was allocated to products using either direct labor-hours or machine-hours, but not both. For more manually intensive machine classes, direct labor-hours was used; for machines whose operation required few direct labor-hours, machine-hours was used. In 1987, EMW used 600 cost centers, one per machine type. Support-related overhead was allocated to products based on the sum of direct material and direct labor costs, material overhead, and production overhead. The breakdown of each cost category as a percent of total costs was as follows: Percent of Total CostsBurden Rate Direct material29% Direct labor10 Material overhead25. 7% of material cost Production overhead33(600 different rates) Support-related overhead2635. 4% of manufacturing cost Two years after the change in strategy, problems with the traditional cost system became apparent. Management’s concern with the traditional cost system was its inability to capture the relation between the increased support costs and the change in product mix. Under the traditional system, support costs were allocated to each motor based on its consumption of direct materials, direct labor, and either direct labor-hours or machine-hours. Management felt that most support costs were more closely related to the number of orders received or the number of internal factory orders for the customized components required by a specific model of motor. As shown in Exhibit 1, 74 percent of the orders accepted for production by EMW after the change in strategy were for fewer than five motors. This simultaneous increase in the number of orders and reduction in the average number of motors per order increased the load on the production support departments. An analysis of the way work was generated by orders in the shipping and handling, order processing, technical analysis of incoming orders, billing, and product costing departments indicated that the same resources were required to process an order for one motor as an order for 100 units of that motor. The increase in the number of products with special options similarly caused the production scheduling, purchasing, packaging, product development, and design departments to expand. An analysis of the way work was generated by special components in these departments indicated that it was not the total number of special components (i. e. , unique part numbers) in each motor design that determined the work load. For example, processing an order of 50 units of a custom motor with a design requiring 10 special components per unit generated the same amount of work as processing an order of only one unit of a custom motor also requiring 10 special components. For either order, 10 special components had to be processed. In 1987, EMW processed 65,625 customer orders. The motors produced to fill these orders required that 325,000 different batches of special components be processed. In total, over a million units of special components were produced in 1987. An extensive study was undertaken to identify the support costs that management believed were driven by processing customer orders and processing internal factory orders for special components. Part of each of the following departments’ costs was allocated to two new overhead cost pools: ?Costs Related to Customer Order Processing Billing Order Receiving Product Costing and Bidding Shipping Costs Related to Processing Orders for Special Components Inventory Handling Product Costing and Bidding Product Development Purchasing Receiving Scheduling and Production Control Technical Analysis of Incoming Orders Once these costs were identified they were removed from the former support-related cost pool and assigned to two new cost pools. Exhibit 2 illustrates the formation of the two process-or iented cost pools for 1987. The first column presents total costs grouped by traditional costing system definitions. To move to process-oriented costing (PROKASTA ), DM6. 3 million as removed from the engineering costs and DM27 million from administrative costs; these DM33. 3 million of costs were then assigned to the new cost pools, DM13. 8 million to order-processing costs and DM19. 5 million to special components costs. Exhibit 2 1987 Reconciliation Traditional Cost System to Process-Oriented Systems (thousands) TraditionalTransferredProcess-Oriented MaterialDM105,000DM105,000 Material overhead6,0006,000 Labor36,00036,000 Labor or machine overhead120,000120,000 Manufacturing cost267,000(74%)*267,000(74%) Engineering costs12,000DM(6,300)5,700 Tooling costs22,500022,500 Administrative costs60,000(27,000)33,000 Support-related cost*94,500(26%)(33,300)(9%)61,200(17%) Customer order-processing13,80013,800 Special components processing19,50019,500 Total costDM361,500DM 0DM361,500 * Percent of total cost. With process-oriented costing, the cost of the base motor from which the customized product was derived and the cost of each custom component was calculated using the traditional cost system but with the new, smaller support-related cost pool (see Exhibit 3). The two new cost elements (customer order and special component order processing) were then added. EFFECT OF THE MODIFIED COST SYSTEM In 1987, EMW received close to DM1 billion in orders, but accepted only DM450 million. Production volume ran at 115 percent of rated capacity. The product cost information generated by the redesigned system played an integral role in helping EMW managers determine which orders were profitable and should be accepted. Mr. Karl-Heinz Lottes, Director of Business Operations, commented on the role of the new cost system in helping to establish the new strategy: Without the redesigned system, our new strategy would have failed. With the information generated by the process-oriented cost system we can identify those orders we want to accept. While some orders we lose to competitors, most we turn down because they are not profitable. Anyone who wants to understand the importance of the PROKASTA system simply has to look at the costs of some typical orders under the traditional system and PROKASTA. Exhibit 3 Unit Costs for Five Motor Models (DM) Modified Cost System ABCDE Cost of Base Motor (before assignments from two new cost pools) 304. 0 304. 0 304. 0 304. 0 304. 0 Cost of All Special Components* (before assignments from two new cost pools) 39. 6 79. 2 118. 8 198. 0 396. 0 No. of Different Types of Special Components per Motor123510 AssumptionsBase Motor CostSpecial Components Cost Materials9012. 0 Material overhead50. 7 Direct labor354. 5 Manufacturing overhead11715. 0 Manufacturing cost24732. 2 Support-related overhead (modified)577. 4 Unit cost (before assignments from two new cost pools)30439. 6 * For illustrative purposes, each different special component is assumed to cost DM39. 6 per unit. Questions: 1. Consider the five illustrative motor models in Exhibit 3. Under the former (traditional) system, what would the full cost of fulfilling an order for one unit of each model have been? What would have been the average cost per unit of each model if 10 units were ordered? 20 units? 100 units? What do your results suggest about the shortcomings of the old system with the new strategy? 2. Repeat the Question 1 calculations using the modified (PROKASTA) system. Have the shortcomings in the traditional system been addressed? 3. How significant are the differences in the average cost per unit between the modified system and the traditional system? Respond by examining the ratio of modified to traditional cost for each of the twenty model-type/order-quantity combinations. ) 4. Siemens’s former cost system had 602 cost pools; the modified system added only two additional pools, through which a relatively small portion of overhead (DM33. 3 million out of DM220. 5 million total overhead) was assigned. Explain why such an apparently modest elabor ation of an already complex cost system significantly changed the costs of certain model/quantity combinations. 5. Suggest how Siemens could further improve its system while at the same time reducing the total number of cost pools well below 604.

Building an Impressive Journalism Clip Portfolio

Building an Impressive Journalism Clip Portfolio If youre a journalism student youve probably already had a professor lecture you about the importance of creating a great clip portfolio in order to land a job in the news business. Heres what you need to know in order to do this.   What Are Clips? Clips are copies of your published articles. Most reporters save copies of every story theyve ever published, from high school onward. Why Do I Need Clips? To get a job in print or web journalism. Clips are often the deciding factor in whether a person is hired or not. What Is a Clip Portfolio? A collection of your best clips. You include them with your job application. Paper vs. Electronic Paper clips are simply photocopies of your stories as they appeared in print (see more below). But increasingly, editors may want to see online clip portfolios, which include a link to your articles. Many reporters now have their own websites or blogs where they include links to all their articles (see more below.) How Do I Decide Which Clips to Include in My Application? Obviously, include your strongest clips, the ones that are best-written and most thoroughly reported. Pick articles that have great ledes - editors love great ledes. Include the biggest stories youve covered, the ones that made the front page. Work in a little variety to show youre versatile and have covered both hard news stories and features. And obviously, include clips that are relevant to the job youre seeking. If youre applying for a sports writing job, include lots of sports stories. How Many Clips Should I Include in My Application? Opinions vary, but most editors say include no more than six clips in your application. If you throw in too many they simply wont get read. Remember, you want to draw attention to your best work. If you send too many clips your best ones might get lost in the shuffle. How Should I Present My Clip Portfolio? Paper: For traditional paper clips, editors generally prefer photocopies over original tearsheets. But make sure the photocopies are neat and legible. (Newspaper pages tend to photocopy on the dark side, so you may need to adjust the controls on your copier to make sure your copies are bright enough.) Once youve assembled the clips you want, put them together in a manila envelope along with your cover letter and resume. PDF files: Many newspapers, especially college papers, produce PDF versions of each issue. PDFs are a great way to save your clips. You store them on your computer and they never turn yellow or get torn. And they can be easily e-mailed as attachments. Online: Check with the editor who is going to be looking at your application. Some may accept e-mail attachments containing PDFs or screenshots of online stories or want the link to the webpage where the story appeared. As noted earlier, more and more reporters are creating online portfolios of their work. One Editor's Thoughts About Online Clips Rob Golub, local editor of the Journal Times in Racine, Wisconsin, says he often asks job applicants to simply send him a list of links to their online articles. The worst thing a job applicant can send? Jpeg files. Theyre hard to read, says Golub. But Golub says finding the right person is more important than the details of how someone applies. The main thing Im looking for is an amazing reporter who wants to come and do the right thing for us, he says. The truth is, Ill push through inconvenience to find that great human being. Most important: Check with the paper or website where youre applying, see how they want things done, and then do it that way.

The Stranger from Albrt Camus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Stranger from Albrt Camus - Essay Example Firstly, there was no ethical compulsion on Meursault to kill that unknown person without any cause. In businesses, some companies often produce some unethical moves especially against their cutthroat competitors. Those tactics might not have any legal consequence but they are unethical nevertheless. Secondly, businesses do not believe in humanity or feelings for humanity. They carry out their businesses only to maximize the wealth of owners regardless of humanity being suffered simultaneously. In exactly the same way, the act of Meursault on her mother’s funeral demonstrates the lack of feelings for humanity. The relationship of Meursault has been quite absurd such that there is a justification or rational of doing any particular conduct. Even killing a person should have any particular reason. This shows that Meursault did not believe in existentialism as he thought that a human life does not have any purpose for existence. The existence of human is not necessary according to Meursault and he better thought of getting rid of the person by killing him, showing an absurd state of

Communication, Conflict, Negotiation and Leadership in Germany Research Paper

Communication, Conflict, Negotiation and Leadership in Germany - Research Paper Example The Hofstede Model identifies cultures based on five dimensions: power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, and long-term/short-term orientation (Hofstede, 2001). The models' scores countries on a scale of 0 to 100 and there are comparisons made between and among countries. Hofstede initially made the scores during the 1970s but succeeding grades provided in recent years have proved that the grades are still valid. Additional 200 studies were further made to validate the indexes done by Hofstede. The model could be used in dealing with communication, negotiation, management, business, and marketing in the global scene (Hofstede, 2001). 2.1. Power Distance Power distance dimension refers to the belief of individuals in the lower echelon of the society that power is unequally distributed. Hofstede suggests that inequality is endorsed by the members instead of the leaders. Countries that scored high in power distance maintain all individua ls’ role in the society. In cultures with low power distance, roles have to be defined. Germany has a score of 35 in Hofstede’s power distance which is 36% below the world average and 14% below the U.S. score. The score shows Germany’s decentralized societies and flat organization structures. Most important, Germans are loyal to their employers and would not disclose company-related data to unauthorized groups or people (Workman, 2008). 2.2. Masculinity/Femininity In masculine societies, the important aspects are achievements and success while feminine societies focus on caring for other individuals. Masculine societies do not promote sharing of households between males and females. Also, feminine cultures show men’s involvement in shopping activities (Eurostat, 2002). Germany scored 66 points on masculinity, which is 32% higher than the world average and 6% higher than the U.S. Based on Hofstede’s scores; Germans do value earnings, advancement, mo ney, and recognition. Most Germans value success and their current state as the global performer have been sustained. 2.3. Uncertainty Avoidance The concept of uncertainty avoidance pertains to the reaction of people when dealing with ambiguities. Countries with high scores of uncertainty avoidance require established rules and structures. People in this culture are not open to changes and have low flexibility. Meanwhile, cultures with low uncertainty avoidance operate with few rules and are more open to opinions. Germany’s score in this dimension is 65 points which are 2% higher than the world average and 41% higher than the U.S. This indicates that Germans are less open to risks and are more concerned with security. Most important, Germans are disciplined and insists on strict conduct codes. 2.4. Individualism/Collectivism Individualistic cultures show individuals who focus on their own welfare and their immediate family members.

Reclaiming a social agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reclaiming a social agenda - Essay Example In this context of understanding one of the major considerations is the dichotomy between art and science. Whereas science functions to question existing paradigms in a generally progressive way, aesthetic practice â€Å"begins answer, by reinventing itself, by building upon a past principle and ethical relationship† (Mockbee, pg. 2). When one considers this approach in terms of activist practice it’s clear that the parallel is that social or community change can occur through the complete re-imagination of the status quo. One recommended example of this perspective is in considered in rural Alabama, where theorist Mockbee argues that a harmonious architecture that brings together both disenfranchised and wealthy must be implemented. In addition to the above-considered abstract intents of activist practice, there are a number of clear strategic examples that have emerged. From an overarching perspective, it’s noted that many semblances of, â€Å"communities in the process of creating and sustaining their cultural identities by designing and often rebuilding their own world† (Ward, pg. 56). In this context of understanding, it’s seen how the traditional artistic means of re-imagination have emerged and been implemented in communities that previously experienced significant blight and hardship. In terms of specific case examples, it’s noted that the Pratt Institute Center for Community and Environmental Development (PICCED) is one such emergence of strong activist architecture. When considering the weaknesses of activist practice, it’s clear that recent rejections of activist forms of architecture represent a significant concern. In this context of understanding, theorists have referred to what is known as the post-political concern. In characterizing this post-political turn it’s been noted that, â€Å"Not only have American architectural

Evaluating Derivatives Market in India

Evaluating Derivatives Market in India Introduction to Derivatives Market The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, futures and options, can be traced back to the willingness of risk-averse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking-in asset prices. As instruments of risk management, these generally do not influence the fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative products minimize the impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash flow situation of risk-averse investors. Derivative products initially emerged, as hedging devices against fluctuations in commodity prices and commodity-linked derivatives remained the sole form of such products for almost three hundred years. The financial derivatives came into spotlight in post-1970 period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However, since their emergence, these products have become very popular and by 1990s, they accounted for about two-thirds of total transactions in derivative products. In recent years, the market for financial derivatives has grown tremendously both in terms of variety of instruments available, their complexity and also turnover. In the class of equity derivatives, futures and options on stock indices have gained more popularity than on individual stocks, especially among institutional investors, who are major users of index-linked derivatives. Even small investors find these useful due to high correlation of the popular indices with various portfolios and ease of use. The lower costs associated with index derivatives vies-versa derivative products based on individual securities is another reason for their growing use. The following factors have been driving the growth of financial derivatives: Increased volatility in asset prices in financial markets, Increased integration of national financial markets with the international markets, Marked improvement in communication facilities and sharp decline in their costs, SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is limited to â€Å"Derivatives with special reference to futures and option in the Indian context and the Networth Stock Broking Ltd., data for this study is from 27-DEC -2007 to 31-JAN- 2008 which represent sample for the study. The study cant be said as totally perfect. This study is only a humble attempt at evaluating derivatives market in Indian context. The study is not based on the international perspective of derivatives markets, which exists in NASDAQ, CBOT etc. HYPOTHESIS The Market data that has been used to see whether the Break Even Point (BEP) calculated can be used has an indicator to the investor to maximize the returns on its investment. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To understand the concept of derivatives in a more appropriate way. 2. To study various trends in derivative market. 3. To understand the scope and growth of derivatives in India. 4. To study the role of derivatives in Indian financial market 5. To study in detail the role of the future and options. METHODOLOGY 1. Data Collection : For this study the date collected is of secondary nature, The data of the Nifty index have been collected from â€Å"Economic Times† and internet. The data collected for January contract and the date consist from period 27th December, 2007 to 31st January, 2008. 2. Analysis: The analysis consist of the tabulation of the data assessing the profitability positions of the futures buyer and seller and also option holder and the option writer, representing the data with s and making the interpretation using data. TIME PERIOD Data collected for analyzing this study is from 27-DEC 2007 to 31-JAN-2008. Time taken to complete this project is 45 days LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study is conducted in short period, due to which the study may not be detailed in all aspect. Lack of time on performing the project in detail study. Unavailability of software package which will help in calculation Lack of software knowledge to determine the correct future estimations. The data collected is completely restricted to 31st January, 2008; hence this analysis cannot be taken universal. CHAPTER II INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL MARKET COMPANY PROFILE Introduction To Indian Capital Market Indias financial market began its transformation path in the early 1990s. The banking sector witnessed sweeping changes, including the elimination of interest rate controls, reductions in reserve and liquidity requirements and an overhaul in priority sector lending. Persistent efforts by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to put in place effective supervision and prudential norms since then have lifted the country closer to global standards. Around the same time, Indias capital markets also began to stage extensive changes. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established in 1992 with a mandate to protect investors and improvements into the microstructure of capital markets, while the repeal of the Controller of Capital Issues (CCI) in the same year removed the administrative controls over the pricing of new equity issues. Indias financial markets also began to embrace technology. Competition in the markets increased with the establishment of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in 1994, leading to a significant rise in the volume of transactions and to the emergence of new important instruments in financial intermediation. For over a century, Indias capital markets, which consist primarily of debt and equity markets, have increasingly played a significant role in mobilizing funds to meet public and private entities financing requirements. The advent of exchange-traded derivative instruments in 2000, such as options and futures, has enabled investors to better hedge their positions and reduce risks. In total, Indias debt and equity markets were equivalent to 130% of GDP at the end of 2005. This is an impressive stride, coming from just 75% in 1995, suggesting issuers growing confidence in market based financing. However, the size of the countrys capital markets relative to the United States, Malaysias and South Koreas remains low, implying a strong catch-up process for India. While some form of financial derivatives trading in India dates back to the 1870s, exchange traded derivative instruments started only in 2000. Then, stock index futures, with the Sensex 30 and the SP CNX Nifty indices as the underlying, began trading at the BSE and NSE. Since their inception, the basket of instruments has expanded and now features individual stock futures, and options for stock index and individual stocks. NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE (NSE) The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has genesis in the report of the High Powered Study Group on Establishment of New Stock Exchanges, which recommended promotion of a National Stock Exchange by financial institutions (FIs) to provide access to investors from all across the country on an equal footing. Based on the recommendations, NSE was promoted by leading Financial Institutions at the behest of the Government of India and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company unlike other stock exchanges in the country. On its recognition as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 in April 1993, NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment commenced operations in November 1994 and operations in Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000. NSE Mission 1. NSEs mission is setting the agenda for change in the securities markets in India. The NSE was set-up with the main objectives of: 2. Establishing a nation-wide trading facility for equities, debt instruments and hybrids, 3. Ensuring equal access to investors all over the country through an appropriate communication network, 4. Providing a fair, efficient and transparent securities market to investors using electronic trading systems, 5. Enabling shorter settlement cycles and book entry settlements systems, and 6. Meeting the current international standards of securities markets. The standards set by NSE in terms of market practices and technologies have become industry benchmarks and are being emulated by other market participants. NSE is more than a mere market facilitator. Its that force which is guiding the industry towards new horizons and greater opportunities. Equity shares By investing in shares, investors basically buy the ownership right to the company. When the company makes profits, shareholders receive their share of the profits in the form of dividends. In addition, when company performs well and the future expectation from the company is very high, the price of the companys shares goes up in the market. This allows shareholders to sell shares at a profit, leading to capital gains. Investors can invest in shares either through primary market offerings or in the secondary market. The primary market has shown abnormal returns to investors who subscribed for the public issue and were allotted shares. Stock Exchange: In a stock exchange a person who wishes to sell his security is called a seller, and a person who is willing to buy the particular stock is called as the buyer. The rate of stock depends on the simple law of demand and supply. If the demand of shares of company x is greater than its supply then its price of its security increases. In Online Exchange the trading is done on a computer network. The sellers and buyers log on to the network and propose their bids. The system is designed in such ways that at any given instance, the buyers/sellers are bidding at the best prices. The transaction cycle for purchasing and selling shares online is depicted below: TRANSACTION CYCLE Role of Clearing House The clearing house of the exchange interposes itself between the buyer(the long position) and the seller (the short position).this mean clearing house becomes seller to buyer and the buyer to seller. Because the clearing house is obliged to perform on its side of each contract, it is the only party that can hurt if any trader fail to fulfill his obligation. The clearing house protects its interest by imposing margin requirements on traders. Ever since its inception in 1993, Networth Stock Broking Limited (NSBL) has sought to provide premium financial services and information, so that the power of investment is vested with the client. We equip those who invest with us to make intelligent investment decisions, providing them with the flexibility to either tap into our extensive knowledge and expertise, or make their own decisions. NSBL made its debut in to the financial world by servicing Institutional clients, and proved its high scalability of operations by growing exponentially over a short period of time. Now, powered by a top-notch research team and a network of experts, we provide an array of retail broking services across the globe spanning India, Middle East, Europe and America. Currently, we are a Depository participant at Central Depository Services India (CDSL) and aim to become one at National Securities Depository (NSDL) by the end of this quarter. Our strong support, technology-driven operations and busines s units of research, distribution and advisory coalesce to provide you with a one-stop solution to cater to all your broking and investment needs. Our customers have been participating in the booming commodities markets with our membership at Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) and National Commodity Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) through Networth Stock.Com Ltd. NSBL is a member of theNational Stock Exchange of India Ltd (NSE) andthe Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd (BSE)on the Capital Market and Derivatives (Futures Options) segment. It is also a listed company at theBSE. Corporate Overview †¢ Networth is a listed entity on the BSE since 1994 †¢ The company is professionally managed with experience of over a decade in broking and advisory services †¢ Networth is a member of BSE, NSE, MCX, NCDEX, AMFI, CDSL †¢ Current network in Southern and Western India with 107 branches and franchise. Presence in major metros and cities †¢ Empanelled with prominent domestic Mutual Funds, Insurance Companies, Banks, Financial Institutions and Foreign Financial Institutions. †¢ Strong experienced professional team †¢ 20000+ strong and growing client base †¢ Average daily broking turnover of around INR 1 billion †¢ AUM with Investment Advisory Services of around INR 3 billion Products and services Portfolio v Retail and institutional broking v Research for institutional and retail clients v Distribution of financial products v Corporate finance v Net trading v Depository services v Commodities Broking Infrastructure †¢ A corporate office and 3 divisional offices in CBD of Mumbai which houses state-of-the-art dealing room, research wing management and back offices. †¢ All of 107 branches and franchisees are fully wired and connected to hub at corporate office at Mumbai. Add on branches also will be wired and connected to central hub †¢ Web enabled connectivity and software in place for net trading. †¢ 60 operative IDs for dealing room †¢ State of the Art accounting and billing system, on line risk management system in place with 100% redundancy back up. †¢ In house technology back up team to ensure un-interrupted connectivity. Online Trading There is nothing more exhilarating, more daring and more rewarding than making the right trade at the right time. Welcome to our Internet trading platform which brings you a world class experience of online trading. Clicknetworth is a software application suite that offers comprehensive facilities so users can watch Market Prices while they trade. The application is highly integrated which enables the user to place orders in live environment. The user screen is fully customizable by the user to display information based upon his/her own preferences Trading Platform Networth offers advanced and convenient online trading facility with N-easy and N-swift which are completely safe and secure. N-easy: A Powerful and user friendly browser based platform ideally suited for Investors N-swift: An Advanced EXE based application suite that is ideally suited for Traders Features:- * Clients can trade in NSE Cash, NSE FO and BSE Cash. * Single screen order / trade entry as you can add NSE-Cash, Derivative BSE scripts in the same Market Watch. * Features such as Lock the Screen, TOP 20 by Most Active Volume, Value, Gainers, Losers, Market Movement and more will help you customise your trading platform according to your specific focus. * Facility for Online Funds Transfer. Your credit limit increases instantaneously on completion of a successful transfer. Total holdings with NSBL and NSBL CDSL DP (POA) can be viewed and delivery sale can also be made. * Needless to mention other standard features as Real-Time market data, live order status, Real time position updates etc. CHAPTER III REVIEW OF LITERATURE DEFINATION OF DERIVATIVE Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying asset, index, or reference rate), in a contractual manner. There are two types of derivatives that are trades on NSE; namely Futures and Options. The underlying asset can be equity, forex, commodity or any other asset. For example, wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that date. Such a transaction is an example of a derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat which is the â€Å"underlying†. In the Indian context the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SC(R) A) defines â€Å"equity derivative† to include A security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security. A contract, which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities.The key to understanding derivatives is the notion of a premium. Some derivatives are compared to insurance. Just as you pay an insurance company a premium in order to obtain some protection against a specific event, there are derivative products that have a payoff contingent upon the occurrence of some event for which you must pay a premium in advance. Example: When one buys a cash instrument, for example 100 shares of ABC Inc., the payoff is linear (disregarding the impact of dividends). If we buy the shares at Rs50 and the price appreciates to Rs75, we have made Rs2500 on a mark-to-market basis. If we buy the shares at Rs50 and the price depreciates to Rs25, we have lost Rs2500 on a mark-to-market basis. Instead of buying the shares in the cash market, we could have bought a 1 month call option on ABC stock with a strike price of Rs50, giving us the right but not the obligation to purchase ABC stock at Rs50 in 1 months time. Instead of immediately paying Rs5000 and receiving the stock, we might pay Rs700 today for this right. If ABC goes to Rs75 in 1 months time, we can exercise the option, buy the stock at the strike price and sell the stock in the open market, locking in a net profit of Rs1800. If the ABC stock price goes to Rs25, we have only lost the premium of Rs700. If ABC trades as high as Rs100 after we have bought the option but before it expires, we can sell the option in the market for a price of Rs5300. Classification of Derivatives Types of Derivatives The most commonly used derivatives contracts in NSE are ,FUTURES and OPTIONS which we shall discuss in detail later. Here we take a brief look at various derivatives contracts that have come to be used. Forwards: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at todays pre-agreed price. Futures: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Futures contracts are special types of forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange-traded contracts. Options: Options are of two types calls and puts. Calls give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. Puts give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date. Swaps: Swaps are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. Warrants: Options generally have lives of upto one year, the majority of options traded on options exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months. Longer-dated options are called warrants and are generally traded over-the-counter. LEAPS: The acronym LEAPS means Long-Term Equity Anticipation Securities. These are options having a maturity of upto three years. Baskets: Basket options are options on portfolios of underlying assets. The underlying asset is usually a moving average or a basket of assets. Equity index options are a form of basket options. Participants and Functions v Hedgers face risk associated with the price of an asset. They use futures or options markets to reduce or eliminate this risk. v Speculators wish to bet on future movements in the price of an asset. Futures and options contracts can give them an extra leverage; that is, they can increase both the potential gains and potential losses in a speculative venture. v Arbitrageurs are in business to take advantage of a discrepancy between prices in two different markets. If, for example, they see the futures price of an asset getting out of line with the cash price, they will take offsetting positions in the two markets to lock in a profit. The derivative market performs a number of economic functions. First, prices in an organized derivatives market reflect the perception of market participants about the future and lead the prices of underlying to the perceived future level. The prices of derivatives converge with the prices of the underlying at the expiration of derivative contract. Thus derivatives help in discovery of future as well as current prices. Second, the derivatives market helps to transfer risks from those who have them but may not like them to those who have appetite for them. Third, derivatives, due to their inherent nature, are linked to the underlying cash markets. With the introduction of derivatives, the underlying market witnesses higher trading volumes because of participation by more players who would not otherwise participate for lack of an arrangement to transfer risk. Fourth, speculative trades shift to a more controlled environment of derivatives market. In the absence of an organized derivati ves market, speculators trade in the underlying cash markets. Margining, monitoring and surveillance of the activities of various participants become extremely difficult in these kind of mixed markets. Fifth, an important incidental benefit that flows from derivatives trading is that it acts as a catalyst for new entrepreneurial activity. The derivatives have a history of attracting many bright, creative, well-educated people with an entrepreneurial attitude. They often energize others to create new businesses, new products and new employment opportunities, the benefit of which are immense. Sixth, derivatives markets help increase savings and investment in the long run. Transfer of risk enables market participants to expand their volume of activity. Derivatives thus promote economic development to the extent the later depends on the rate of savings and investment. The first stock index futures contract was traded at Kansas City Board of Trade. Currently the most popular index futures contract in the world is based on SP 500 index, traded on Chicago Mercantile Exchange. During the mid eighties, financial futures became the most active derivative instruments generating volumes many times more than the commodity futures. Index futures, futures on T-bills and Euro-Dollar futures are the three most popular futures contracts traded today. Other popular international exchanges that trade derivatives are LIFFE in England, DTB in Germany, SGX in Singapore, TIFFE in Japan, MATIF in France, etc. Indian Derivatives Market Starting from a controlled economy, India has moved towards a world where prices fluctuate every day. The introduction of risk management instruments in India gained momentum in the last few years due to liberalisation process and Reserve Bank of Indias (RBI) efforts in creating currency forward market. Derivatives are an integral part of liberalisation process to manage risk. NSE gauging the market requirements initiated the process of setting up derivative markets in India. In July 1999, derivatives trading commenced in India CHRONOLOGY OF INSTRUMENTS 1991 Liberalisation process initiated 14-Dec-1995 NSE asked SEBI for permission to trade index futures. 18-Nov-1996 SEBI setup L.C.Gupta Committee to draft a policy framework for index futures. 11-May-1998 L.C.Gupta Committee submitted report. 7-July-1999 RBI gave permission for OTC forward rate agreements (FRAs) and interest rate swaps. 24-May-2000 SIMEX chose Nifty for trading futures and options on an Indian index. 25-May-2000 SEBI gave permission to NSE and BSE to do index futures trading. 9-June-2000 Trading of BSE Sensex futures commenced at BSE. 12-June-2000 Trading of Nifty futures commenced at NSE. 25-Sep-2000 Nifty futures trading commenced at SGX. 2-June-2001 Individual Stock Options Derivatives SWAPS A contract between two parties, referred to as counter parties, to exchange two streams of payments for agreed period of time. The payments, commonly called legs or sides, are calculated based on the underlying notional using applicable rates. Swaps contracts also include other provisional specified by the counter parties. Swaps are not debt instrument to raise capital, but a tool used for financial management. Swaps are arranged in many different currencies and different periods of time. US$ swaps are most common followed by Japanese yen, sterling and Deutsche marks. The length of past swaps transacted has ranged from 2 to 25 years. Swaps Pricing: There are four major components of a swap price. v Benchmark price v Liquidity (availability of counter parties to offset the swap). v Transaction cost v Credit risk Benchmark Price:Swap rates are based on a series of benchmark instruments. They may be quoted as a spread over the yield on these benchmark instruments or on an absolute interest rate basis. In the Indian markets the common benchmarks are MIBOR, 14, 91, 182 364 day T-bills, CP rates and PLR rates. Liquidity: which is function of supply and demand, plays an important role in swaps pricing? This is also affected by the swap duration. It may be difficult to have counter parties for long duration swaps, specially so in India Transaction costs include the cost of hedging a swap. Transaction cost: Say in case of a bank, which has a floating obligation of 91 days T. Bill. Now in order to hedge the bank would go long on a 91 day T. Bill. For doing so the bank must obtain funds. The transaction cost would thus involve such a difference. Yield on 91 day T. Bill 9.5% Cost of fund (e.g.- Repo rate) 10% The transaction cost in this case would involve 0.5% Credit risk: Credit risk must also be built into the swap pricing. Based upon the credit rating of the counterparty a spread would have to be incorporated. Say for e.g. it would be 0.5% for an AAA rating. Introduction to Futures Future contract is the simplest of all financial assets. A future contract is just an agreement between two parties to buy and sell an asset at a fixed price in the future. Futures markets were originally designed to solve the problems of forward markets. Future contracts are managed through an organized future exchange Future contracts are a type of derivative security because the value of the contract is derived from an underlying instrument. The exchange specifies standard features of future contract to facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts. The net value of a future contract is zero because future contract represents a zero sum game between a buyer and a seller. Future contracts are standardized to facilitate convenience in trading and price reporting. A futures contract may be offset before maturity by taking opposite position which means that future trading can be closed by entering into equal into an equal and opposite transaction. Future contract must specify at least five terms of the contract and they are: 1) The identity of the underlying commodity or financial instrument. 2) The future contract size. 3) The future maturity date. 4) The delivery or settlement procedure. 5) The future price. TYPES OF FUTURES A commodity future is a future contract in a commodity like cocoa, aluminum etc. A financial future is a futures contract in a financial instrument like Treasury bill, currency or stock index. Futures contracts are: v Futures contracts are organized/ standardized contracts, which are traded on the exchanges. v These contracts, being standardized and traded on the exchanges are very liquid in nature. v In futures market, clearing corporation/ house provides the settlement guarantee. v Every futures contract is a forward contract traded on exchange and clearing corporation/house provides the settlement guarantee for trades. v Are of standard quantity; standard quality (in case of commodities). Have standard delivery time and place. What Does Future Trading Apply to Indian Stocks? Future trading is a type of investments which involves speculating on the prices of securities in the future. Securities traded in future contract can be a stock (Reliance India Limited, TISCO, etc), Stock Index (NSE Nifty Index), commodity (Gold, Silver, Agricultural Products, etc) Unlike stocks and bonds, when we involve in future trading then we do not buy or own anything but we speculate the future direction of the price in the security we are trading. Suppose we speculate on Stock Index (NSE Nifty index). If we speculate that the future price of Stock Index can go up in the future then we would buy a future contract. If we speculate that the future price of Stock Index can go down then we would sell a future contract. Futures Trading accounts A future exchange allows only exchange members to trade on the exchange floor. There are various things to know about future trading accounts. The first thing is that a margin is always required. A margin is the amount of money that we put up to control a future contract. http://www.tradingpicks.com/futures.htm How to Trade in SP CNX NIFTY Futures? http://www.nse-india.com/content/press/futidx_invguide.pdf Trading on CNX Nifty futures is just like trading in other security. Before buying or selling we use to predict the direction of the market and based on that prediction we buy or sell the index. A profit is made when the closing price on the expiration day is higher than the value at which we had bought the index. If we had predicted a bearish market, and had sold the index then we make a profit. Trading cycle for SP CNX Nifty Futures The trading cycle for SP CNX Nifty future contracts is 3 months. On the trading day a new contract is introduced. This contract will be introduced for three month duration. As a result there will be 3 contracts available for trading in the market ( i.e., first contract is in near month, second in mid month and third in far month duration) Example If Trading in NIFTY Starts from January 2002 then following chart gives us the beginning and expiry date of the contract. Contract/Month Expiry/Settlement January 2002 January 28th February 2002 February 20th March 2002 March 19th After January 28th, the first trading day will be on January 29th. Contract/Month Expiry/Settlement February 2002 February 24th March 2002 March 30th April 2002 April 20th To trade futures in NSE, traders have to open an account with a future brokerage firm known as Future Commission Merchant (FCM). FCM records the trades, monitors them and advice t Evaluating Derivatives Market in India Evaluating Derivatives Market in India Introduction to Derivatives Market The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, futures and options, can be traced back to the willingness of risk-averse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking-in asset prices. As instruments of risk management, these generally do not influence the fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative products minimize the impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash flow situation of risk-averse investors. Derivative products initially emerged, as hedging devices against fluctuations in commodity prices and commodity-linked derivatives remained the sole form of such products for almost three hundred years. The financial derivatives came into spotlight in post-1970 period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However, since their emergence, these products have become very popular and by 1990s, they accounted for about two-thirds of total transactions in derivative products. In recent years, the market for financial derivatives has grown tremendously both in terms of variety of instruments available, their complexity and also turnover. In the class of equity derivatives, futures and options on stock indices have gained more popularity than on individual stocks, especially among institutional investors, who are major users of index-linked derivatives. Even small investors find these useful due to high correlation of the popular indices with various portfolios and ease of use. The lower costs associated with index derivatives vies-versa derivative products based on individual securities is another reason for their growing use. The following factors have been driving the growth of financial derivatives: Increased volatility in asset prices in financial markets, Increased integration of national financial markets with the international markets, Marked improvement in communication facilities and sharp decline in their costs, SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is limited to â€Å"Derivatives with special reference to futures and option in the Indian context and the Networth Stock Broking Ltd., data for this study is from 27-DEC -2007 to 31-JAN- 2008 which represent sample for the study. The study cant be said as totally perfect. This study is only a humble attempt at evaluating derivatives market in Indian context. The study is not based on the international perspective of derivatives markets, which exists in NASDAQ, CBOT etc. HYPOTHESIS The Market data that has been used to see whether the Break Even Point (BEP) calculated can be used has an indicator to the investor to maximize the returns on its investment. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To understand the concept of derivatives in a more appropriate way. 2. To study various trends in derivative market. 3. To understand the scope and growth of derivatives in India. 4. To study the role of derivatives in Indian financial market 5. To study in detail the role of the future and options. METHODOLOGY 1. Data Collection : For this study the date collected is of secondary nature, The data of the Nifty index have been collected from â€Å"Economic Times† and internet. The data collected for January contract and the date consist from period 27th December, 2007 to 31st January, 2008. 2. Analysis: The analysis consist of the tabulation of the data assessing the profitability positions of the futures buyer and seller and also option holder and the option writer, representing the data with s and making the interpretation using data. TIME PERIOD Data collected for analyzing this study is from 27-DEC 2007 to 31-JAN-2008. Time taken to complete this project is 45 days LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study is conducted in short period, due to which the study may not be detailed in all aspect. Lack of time on performing the project in detail study. Unavailability of software package which will help in calculation Lack of software knowledge to determine the correct future estimations. The data collected is completely restricted to 31st January, 2008; hence this analysis cannot be taken universal. CHAPTER II INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL MARKET COMPANY PROFILE Introduction To Indian Capital Market Indias financial market began its transformation path in the early 1990s. The banking sector witnessed sweeping changes, including the elimination of interest rate controls, reductions in reserve and liquidity requirements and an overhaul in priority sector lending. Persistent efforts by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to put in place effective supervision and prudential norms since then have lifted the country closer to global standards. Around the same time, Indias capital markets also began to stage extensive changes. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established in 1992 with a mandate to protect investors and improvements into the microstructure of capital markets, while the repeal of the Controller of Capital Issues (CCI) in the same year removed the administrative controls over the pricing of new equity issues. Indias financial markets also began to embrace technology. Competition in the markets increased with the establishment of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in 1994, leading to a significant rise in the volume of transactions and to the emergence of new important instruments in financial intermediation. For over a century, Indias capital markets, which consist primarily of debt and equity markets, have increasingly played a significant role in mobilizing funds to meet public and private entities financing requirements. The advent of exchange-traded derivative instruments in 2000, such as options and futures, has enabled investors to better hedge their positions and reduce risks. In total, Indias debt and equity markets were equivalent to 130% of GDP at the end of 2005. This is an impressive stride, coming from just 75% in 1995, suggesting issuers growing confidence in market based financing. However, the size of the countrys capital markets relative to the United States, Malaysias and South Koreas remains low, implying a strong catch-up process for India. While some form of financial derivatives trading in India dates back to the 1870s, exchange traded derivative instruments started only in 2000. Then, stock index futures, with the Sensex 30 and the SP CNX Nifty indices as the underlying, began trading at the BSE and NSE. Since their inception, the basket of instruments has expanded and now features individual stock futures, and options for stock index and individual stocks. NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE (NSE) The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has genesis in the report of the High Powered Study Group on Establishment of New Stock Exchanges, which recommended promotion of a National Stock Exchange by financial institutions (FIs) to provide access to investors from all across the country on an equal footing. Based on the recommendations, NSE was promoted by leading Financial Institutions at the behest of the Government of India and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company unlike other stock exchanges in the country. On its recognition as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 in April 1993, NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment commenced operations in November 1994 and operations in Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000. NSE Mission 1. NSEs mission is setting the agenda for change in the securities markets in India. The NSE was set-up with the main objectives of: 2. Establishing a nation-wide trading facility for equities, debt instruments and hybrids, 3. Ensuring equal access to investors all over the country through an appropriate communication network, 4. Providing a fair, efficient and transparent securities market to investors using electronic trading systems, 5. Enabling shorter settlement cycles and book entry settlements systems, and 6. Meeting the current international standards of securities markets. The standards set by NSE in terms of market practices and technologies have become industry benchmarks and are being emulated by other market participants. NSE is more than a mere market facilitator. Its that force which is guiding the industry towards new horizons and greater opportunities. Equity shares By investing in shares, investors basically buy the ownership right to the company. When the company makes profits, shareholders receive their share of the profits in the form of dividends. In addition, when company performs well and the future expectation from the company is very high, the price of the companys shares goes up in the market. This allows shareholders to sell shares at a profit, leading to capital gains. Investors can invest in shares either through primary market offerings or in the secondary market. The primary market has shown abnormal returns to investors who subscribed for the public issue and were allotted shares. Stock Exchange: In a stock exchange a person who wishes to sell his security is called a seller, and a person who is willing to buy the particular stock is called as the buyer. The rate of stock depends on the simple law of demand and supply. If the demand of shares of company x is greater than its supply then its price of its security increases. In Online Exchange the trading is done on a computer network. The sellers and buyers log on to the network and propose their bids. The system is designed in such ways that at any given instance, the buyers/sellers are bidding at the best prices. The transaction cycle for purchasing and selling shares online is depicted below: TRANSACTION CYCLE Role of Clearing House The clearing house of the exchange interposes itself between the buyer(the long position) and the seller (the short position).this mean clearing house becomes seller to buyer and the buyer to seller. Because the clearing house is obliged to perform on its side of each contract, it is the only party that can hurt if any trader fail to fulfill his obligation. The clearing house protects its interest by imposing margin requirements on traders. Ever since its inception in 1993, Networth Stock Broking Limited (NSBL) has sought to provide premium financial services and information, so that the power of investment is vested with the client. We equip those who invest with us to make intelligent investment decisions, providing them with the flexibility to either tap into our extensive knowledge and expertise, or make their own decisions. NSBL made its debut in to the financial world by servicing Institutional clients, and proved its high scalability of operations by growing exponentially over a short period of time. Now, powered by a top-notch research team and a network of experts, we provide an array of retail broking services across the globe spanning India, Middle East, Europe and America. Currently, we are a Depository participant at Central Depository Services India (CDSL) and aim to become one at National Securities Depository (NSDL) by the end of this quarter. Our strong support, technology-driven operations and busines s units of research, distribution and advisory coalesce to provide you with a one-stop solution to cater to all your broking and investment needs. Our customers have been participating in the booming commodities markets with our membership at Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) and National Commodity Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) through Networth Stock.Com Ltd. NSBL is a member of theNational Stock Exchange of India Ltd (NSE) andthe Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd (BSE)on the Capital Market and Derivatives (Futures Options) segment. It is also a listed company at theBSE. Corporate Overview †¢ Networth is a listed entity on the BSE since 1994 †¢ The company is professionally managed with experience of over a decade in broking and advisory services †¢ Networth is a member of BSE, NSE, MCX, NCDEX, AMFI, CDSL †¢ Current network in Southern and Western India with 107 branches and franchise. Presence in major metros and cities †¢ Empanelled with prominent domestic Mutual Funds, Insurance Companies, Banks, Financial Institutions and Foreign Financial Institutions. †¢ Strong experienced professional team †¢ 20000+ strong and growing client base †¢ Average daily broking turnover of around INR 1 billion †¢ AUM with Investment Advisory Services of around INR 3 billion Products and services Portfolio v Retail and institutional broking v Research for institutional and retail clients v Distribution of financial products v Corporate finance v Net trading v Depository services v Commodities Broking Infrastructure †¢ A corporate office and 3 divisional offices in CBD of Mumbai which houses state-of-the-art dealing room, research wing management and back offices. †¢ All of 107 branches and franchisees are fully wired and connected to hub at corporate office at Mumbai. Add on branches also will be wired and connected to central hub †¢ Web enabled connectivity and software in place for net trading. †¢ 60 operative IDs for dealing room †¢ State of the Art accounting and billing system, on line risk management system in place with 100% redundancy back up. †¢ In house technology back up team to ensure un-interrupted connectivity. Online Trading There is nothing more exhilarating, more daring and more rewarding than making the right trade at the right time. Welcome to our Internet trading platform which brings you a world class experience of online trading. Clicknetworth is a software application suite that offers comprehensive facilities so users can watch Market Prices while they trade. The application is highly integrated which enables the user to place orders in live environment. The user screen is fully customizable by the user to display information based upon his/her own preferences Trading Platform Networth offers advanced and convenient online trading facility with N-easy and N-swift which are completely safe and secure. N-easy: A Powerful and user friendly browser based platform ideally suited for Investors N-swift: An Advanced EXE based application suite that is ideally suited for Traders Features:- * Clients can trade in NSE Cash, NSE FO and BSE Cash. * Single screen order / trade entry as you can add NSE-Cash, Derivative BSE scripts in the same Market Watch. * Features such as Lock the Screen, TOP 20 by Most Active Volume, Value, Gainers, Losers, Market Movement and more will help you customise your trading platform according to your specific focus. * Facility for Online Funds Transfer. Your credit limit increases instantaneously on completion of a successful transfer. Total holdings with NSBL and NSBL CDSL DP (POA) can be viewed and delivery sale can also be made. * Needless to mention other standard features as Real-Time market data, live order status, Real time position updates etc. CHAPTER III REVIEW OF LITERATURE DEFINATION OF DERIVATIVE Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying asset, index, or reference rate), in a contractual manner. There are two types of derivatives that are trades on NSE; namely Futures and Options. The underlying asset can be equity, forex, commodity or any other asset. For example, wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that date. Such a transaction is an example of a derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat which is the â€Å"underlying†. In the Indian context the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SC(R) A) defines â€Å"equity derivative† to include A security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security. A contract, which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities.The key to understanding derivatives is the notion of a premium. Some derivatives are compared to insurance. Just as you pay an insurance company a premium in order to obtain some protection against a specific event, there are derivative products that have a payoff contingent upon the occurrence of some event for which you must pay a premium in advance. Example: When one buys a cash instrument, for example 100 shares of ABC Inc., the payoff is linear (disregarding the impact of dividends). If we buy the shares at Rs50 and the price appreciates to Rs75, we have made Rs2500 on a mark-to-market basis. If we buy the shares at Rs50 and the price depreciates to Rs25, we have lost Rs2500 on a mark-to-market basis. Instead of buying the shares in the cash market, we could have bought a 1 month call option on ABC stock with a strike price of Rs50, giving us the right but not the obligation to purchase ABC stock at Rs50 in 1 months time. Instead of immediately paying Rs5000 and receiving the stock, we might pay Rs700 today for this right. If ABC goes to Rs75 in 1 months time, we can exercise the option, buy the stock at the strike price and sell the stock in the open market, locking in a net profit of Rs1800. If the ABC stock price goes to Rs25, we have only lost the premium of Rs700. If ABC trades as high as Rs100 after we have bought the option but before it expires, we can sell the option in the market for a price of Rs5300. Classification of Derivatives Types of Derivatives The most commonly used derivatives contracts in NSE are ,FUTURES and OPTIONS which we shall discuss in detail later. Here we take a brief look at various derivatives contracts that have come to be used. Forwards: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at todays pre-agreed price. Futures: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Futures contracts are special types of forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange-traded contracts. Options: Options are of two types calls and puts. Calls give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. Puts give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date. Swaps: Swaps are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. Warrants: Options generally have lives of upto one year, the majority of options traded on options exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months. Longer-dated options are called warrants and are generally traded over-the-counter. LEAPS: The acronym LEAPS means Long-Term Equity Anticipation Securities. These are options having a maturity of upto three years. Baskets: Basket options are options on portfolios of underlying assets. The underlying asset is usually a moving average or a basket of assets. Equity index options are a form of basket options. Participants and Functions v Hedgers face risk associated with the price of an asset. They use futures or options markets to reduce or eliminate this risk. v Speculators wish to bet on future movements in the price of an asset. Futures and options contracts can give them an extra leverage; that is, they can increase both the potential gains and potential losses in a speculative venture. v Arbitrageurs are in business to take advantage of a discrepancy between prices in two different markets. If, for example, they see the futures price of an asset getting out of line with the cash price, they will take offsetting positions in the two markets to lock in a profit. The derivative market performs a number of economic functions. First, prices in an organized derivatives market reflect the perception of market participants about the future and lead the prices of underlying to the perceived future level. The prices of derivatives converge with the prices of the underlying at the expiration of derivative contract. Thus derivatives help in discovery of future as well as current prices. Second, the derivatives market helps to transfer risks from those who have them but may not like them to those who have appetite for them. Third, derivatives, due to their inherent nature, are linked to the underlying cash markets. With the introduction of derivatives, the underlying market witnesses higher trading volumes because of participation by more players who would not otherwise participate for lack of an arrangement to transfer risk. Fourth, speculative trades shift to a more controlled environment of derivatives market. In the absence of an organized derivati ves market, speculators trade in the underlying cash markets. Margining, monitoring and surveillance of the activities of various participants become extremely difficult in these kind of mixed markets. Fifth, an important incidental benefit that flows from derivatives trading is that it acts as a catalyst for new entrepreneurial activity. The derivatives have a history of attracting many bright, creative, well-educated people with an entrepreneurial attitude. They often energize others to create new businesses, new products and new employment opportunities, the benefit of which are immense. Sixth, derivatives markets help increase savings and investment in the long run. Transfer of risk enables market participants to expand their volume of activity. Derivatives thus promote economic development to the extent the later depends on the rate of savings and investment. The first stock index futures contract was traded at Kansas City Board of Trade. Currently the most popular index futures contract in the world is based on SP 500 index, traded on Chicago Mercantile Exchange. During the mid eighties, financial futures became the most active derivative instruments generating volumes many times more than the commodity futures. Index futures, futures on T-bills and Euro-Dollar futures are the three most popular futures contracts traded today. Other popular international exchanges that trade derivatives are LIFFE in England, DTB in Germany, SGX in Singapore, TIFFE in Japan, MATIF in France, etc. Indian Derivatives Market Starting from a controlled economy, India has moved towards a world where prices fluctuate every day. The introduction of risk management instruments in India gained momentum in the last few years due to liberalisation process and Reserve Bank of Indias (RBI) efforts in creating currency forward market. Derivatives are an integral part of liberalisation process to manage risk. NSE gauging the market requirements initiated the process of setting up derivative markets in India. In July 1999, derivatives trading commenced in India CHRONOLOGY OF INSTRUMENTS 1991 Liberalisation process initiated 14-Dec-1995 NSE asked SEBI for permission to trade index futures. 18-Nov-1996 SEBI setup L.C.Gupta Committee to draft a policy framework for index futures. 11-May-1998 L.C.Gupta Committee submitted report. 7-July-1999 RBI gave permission for OTC forward rate agreements (FRAs) and interest rate swaps. 24-May-2000 SIMEX chose Nifty for trading futures and options on an Indian index. 25-May-2000 SEBI gave permission to NSE and BSE to do index futures trading. 9-June-2000 Trading of BSE Sensex futures commenced at BSE. 12-June-2000 Trading of Nifty futures commenced at NSE. 25-Sep-2000 Nifty futures trading commenced at SGX. 2-June-2001 Individual Stock Options Derivatives SWAPS A contract between two parties, referred to as counter parties, to exchange two streams of payments for agreed period of time. The payments, commonly called legs or sides, are calculated based on the underlying notional using applicable rates. Swaps contracts also include other provisional specified by the counter parties. Swaps are not debt instrument to raise capital, but a tool used for financial management. Swaps are arranged in many different currencies and different periods of time. US$ swaps are most common followed by Japanese yen, sterling and Deutsche marks. The length of past swaps transacted has ranged from 2 to 25 years. Swaps Pricing: There are four major components of a swap price. v Benchmark price v Liquidity (availability of counter parties to offset the swap). v Transaction cost v Credit risk Benchmark Price:Swap rates are based on a series of benchmark instruments. They may be quoted as a spread over the yield on these benchmark instruments or on an absolute interest rate basis. In the Indian markets the common benchmarks are MIBOR, 14, 91, 182 364 day T-bills, CP rates and PLR rates. Liquidity: which is function of supply and demand, plays an important role in swaps pricing? This is also affected by the swap duration. It may be difficult to have counter parties for long duration swaps, specially so in India Transaction costs include the cost of hedging a swap. Transaction cost: Say in case of a bank, which has a floating obligation of 91 days T. Bill. Now in order to hedge the bank would go long on a 91 day T. Bill. For doing so the bank must obtain funds. The transaction cost would thus involve such a difference. Yield on 91 day T. Bill 9.5% Cost of fund (e.g.- Repo rate) 10% The transaction cost in this case would involve 0.5% Credit risk: Credit risk must also be built into the swap pricing. Based upon the credit rating of the counterparty a spread would have to be incorporated. Say for e.g. it would be 0.5% for an AAA rating. Introduction to Futures Future contract is the simplest of all financial assets. A future contract is just an agreement between two parties to buy and sell an asset at a fixed price in the future. Futures markets were originally designed to solve the problems of forward markets. Future contracts are managed through an organized future exchange Future contracts are a type of derivative security because the value of the contract is derived from an underlying instrument. The exchange specifies standard features of future contract to facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts. The net value of a future contract is zero because future contract represents a zero sum game between a buyer and a seller. Future contracts are standardized to facilitate convenience in trading and price reporting. A futures contract may be offset before maturity by taking opposite position which means that future trading can be closed by entering into equal into an equal and opposite transaction. Future contract must specify at least five terms of the contract and they are: 1) The identity of the underlying commodity or financial instrument. 2) The future contract size. 3) The future maturity date. 4) The delivery or settlement procedure. 5) The future price. TYPES OF FUTURES A commodity future is a future contract in a commodity like cocoa, aluminum etc. A financial future is a futures contract in a financial instrument like Treasury bill, currency or stock index. Futures contracts are: v Futures contracts are organized/ standardized contracts, which are traded on the exchanges. v These contracts, being standardized and traded on the exchanges are very liquid in nature. v In futures market, clearing corporation/ house provides the settlement guarantee. v Every futures contract is a forward contract traded on exchange and clearing corporation/house provides the settlement guarantee for trades. v Are of standard quantity; standard quality (in case of commodities). Have standard delivery time and place. What Does Future Trading Apply to Indian Stocks? Future trading is a type of investments which involves speculating on the prices of securities in the future. Securities traded in future contract can be a stock (Reliance India Limited, TISCO, etc), Stock Index (NSE Nifty Index), commodity (Gold, Silver, Agricultural Products, etc) Unlike stocks and bonds, when we involve in future trading then we do not buy or own anything but we speculate the future direction of the price in the security we are trading. Suppose we speculate on Stock Index (NSE Nifty index). If we speculate that the future price of Stock Index can go up in the future then we would buy a future contract. If we speculate that the future price of Stock Index can go down then we would sell a future contract. Futures Trading accounts A future exchange allows only exchange members to trade on the exchange floor. There are various things to know about future trading accounts. The first thing is that a margin is always required. A margin is the amount of money that we put up to control a future contract. http://www.tradingpicks.com/futures.htm How to Trade in SP CNX NIFTY Futures? http://www.nse-india.com/content/press/futidx_invguide.pdf Trading on CNX Nifty futures is just like trading in other security. Before buying or selling we use to predict the direction of the market and based on that prediction we buy or sell the index. A profit is made when the closing price on the expiration day is higher than the value at which we had bought the index. If we had predicted a bearish market, and had sold the index then we make a profit. Trading cycle for SP CNX Nifty Futures The trading cycle for SP CNX Nifty future contracts is 3 months. On the trading day a new contract is introduced. This contract will be introduced for three month duration. As a result there will be 3 contracts available for trading in the market ( i.e., first contract is in near month, second in mid month and third in far month duration) Example If Trading in NIFTY Starts from January 2002 then following chart gives us the beginning and expiry date of the contract. Contract/Month Expiry/Settlement January 2002 January 28th February 2002 February 20th March 2002 March 19th After January 28th, the first trading day will be on January 29th. Contract/Month Expiry/Settlement February 2002 February 24th March 2002 March 30th April 2002 April 20th To trade futures in NSE, traders have to open an account with a future brokerage firm known as Future Commission Merchant (FCM). FCM records the trades, monitors them and advice t

Home Computer Network :: essays research papers

Have you ever needed to have more than one home computer for you and your family? Do you have two or more computers, but need to copy and/or share files and/or programs between them, but you don’t know how? Do all of your computers need Internet access, but you don’t want to have a phone line installed for each of them? Well, you can do all of this. I know, because this is what I did at my home. After doing research I found that there are several advantages for having your own Home Computer Network. Following, are several reasons to do this in your house. First, by having an in-home computer network, and a file server, you can have a central location for storing all of your information. So, if you need more than one computer to access certain information, such as fonts, financial files, games, etc., you can do this through the network. This also eliminates the need for copying files to floppy diskettes, hand-carrying them to the other computers, and copying the files one-floppy-at-a-time to each, individual computer. This would be a very slow process, compared to a fast network speed. Additionally, if one computer on your network crashes, you can move to another computer and continue your work. So, if you use your network and file server effectively, you can have a high degree of reliability, security, and efficiency. Second, an in-home computer network can allow you to have only one Internet connection while giving Internet access to all computers on your network. This is very important if you only have one phone line. If you were to add an additional phone line for each computer you wanted to be connected to the Internet, well, let’s just say that this would be a costly alternative. By using your file server on your network, as a PROXY server, you can just use one phone line to connect to the Internet. All you have to do is install a small PROXY program that says, â€Å"I am the Internet connection for this network. Everybody aim their Internet browsing at me!† It’s really that simple. By doing this, it fools the other computers on your network into thinking that the file server IS the Internet. In addition to being connected via one phone line, and one computer, your file server can have what is called a â€Å"Firewall.† This eliminates outside intruders from invadin g your network.

Efeects on Moving to Another State

Shanell Broussard J. Davis English 090, 4206 03 April 2013 Effects on moving to another state Moving can be all sorts of things. It can be fun to most; or a worst nightmare. Sometimes moves are forced due to certain situations, such as new job or trouble in home. No matter what the reason; moving to another state for anybody is somewhat difficult. I moved from New York to North Carolina a year ago. I decided to move with my grandmother until I can get on my feet.For me, the specific effects of moving from one state to another were, meeting new people, starting over and emotions. The first significant effect of moving from one state to another for me was meeting new people. Making new friends is not easy, because I am not a gregarious person; which can be a detriment for me. Plus in today’s society I can not trust everybody. Me being from New York, people tend to judge me. They may think I have a nasty attitude or that I think I am better than them; because of where I come from .So when I am out in the public I do try and communicate with others; once I have held a conversation with someone and tell them that I am from New York; they seem surprise, because they heard of northern people being arrogant and rude. Which sometimes get annoying, I feel like I have to put forth extra when trying to get to know someone; I want people to build their own opinion about who I am and not what they heard. I want them to see that there are some good people up north. After a few days I started being more confident in talking to people.The second significant effect of moving from one state to another is starting over in looking for a decent neighborhood, to raise my children. Not knowing which areas were good or bad; made the decision difficult for me. Finding the right neighborhood was not my only issue; finding the right apartment was not easy either. The area would have to be kid friendly, a community park and pool would be nice. I have to be sure if it is the place for me, for I do not plan on moving no time soon. Once that is done, I can move on to my next step; which is finding the right daycare for my children to attend.Just like the doctor issue; it is somewhat similar. I have to really do my research for daycares; I am very nervous about leaving my children with someone I practically know. With younger kids that are unable to communicate the situation is harder to deal with. There are things that I have to look for; such as, the cleanliness of the area, how well do the other assistants interact with the children and so forth. The third significant effect of moving from one state to another was the emotions of the love ones around me. With the big move came a lot of stress.Having to deal with the move, looking for the right daycare and doctors; was not a very easy thing. But what really affected me, is when I knew I was leaving behind all my family and friends. People I known all my life were not going to be there anymore. The children also s howed signs that the move had affected them. They were moody than usual. When dropping them off at daycare; they would cry and scream, sometimes they would even act out in class. I was called several times the first few weeks. Adjusting to this unfamiliar place was somewhat difficult for me.Not knowing where to turn to, feeling like I had no one to confide in was really stressful. Feeling like the move was not going to work out, like if I had failed; and that I was not going to survive. People all around the world has experienced a difficult move once in there life. There will feel like; so many hassles in a situation like this one. I had no choice but to except all that I went through. I had to be strong not only for myself, but for my children. There was no way that I would give up accomplishing something I did all on my own. So I prayed it to be over soon.

Parental Involvement And Parental Participation Education Essay

In the literature, the impressions of parental engagement and parental engagement are frequently non clearly operationalized ( Feuerstein, 2000 ) . The description of ‘parental engagement ‘ has been expanded from engagement of parents at school to include engagement of parents in the instruction of their kids at place ( Smit et Al, 2007 ) . Desforges ( 2003 ) , for illustration, distinguishes two signifiers of parental involvement/ engagement, viz. ‘spontaneous ‘ versus ‘planned. ‘ Whereas the first is bottom-up, the 2nd is more top down and typically concerns intercessions or programmes aimed to work out the job of insufficient or no parental engagement. Epstein ( 1995 ) defines place, school and community partnerships as representing a relationship between â€Å" three major contexts in which pupils live and turn † ( p. 702 ) and in which shared involvements in and duties for kids are recognized. In add-on, Funkhouser and Gonzales ( 1997 ) province that successful partnerships involve the sustained common coaction, support and engagement of school staffs and households at place and at school, in activities and attempts that have a positive consequence on the academic success of kids in school. Because place, school and community represent the major overlapping domains of influence in kids ‘s instruction and development, research workers and practicians call for their coaction as spouses who â€Å" work together to make better plans and chances for pupils † ( Epstein, 1995, p. 701 ) . Socio-cultural research workers define â€Å" community † as a â€Å" community of pattern † – that is, a group of people engaged in an activity driven by common or closely decussate ends and involvements ( Wenger, 1998 ; Wenger, McDermott & A ; Snyder, 2002 ) . In chase of these ends and involvements, they employ common patterns, work with the same tools or resources and utilize specific discourse. Communities constitute societal contexts and significances for larning as people participate in societal patterns. Knowledge is integrated in the making, societal dealingss and expertness of these communities. Furthermore, the procedures of larning and rank in a community of pattern are inseparable. Because acquisition is intertwined with community rank, it is what lets people belong to and set their position in the group. As participants change, their acquisition and their individuality – relationship to and within the group – besides alteration. Theref ore, communities constitute the most powerful learning environments for kids, making potency for their development as kids engage in societal patterns with others. This attack to larning suggests that instructors need to understand their pupils ‘ communities of pattern and admit the acquisition pupils do in such communities ( Saxe, 2002 ; Sfard, 2002 ) . Pulling on communities ‘ financess of cognition can capitalise on cultural diverseness and get the better of any mismatch between pupils ‘ place environments and the civilization of school. McIntyre, Rosebery and Gonzalez ( 2001 ) argue that minority and hapless kids can win in school if schoolroom patterns give them the same advantage that in-between category kids have – direction that puts cognition of their communities and experiences at the bosom of their acquisition. In the position of these research workers, larning mathematics is more than structured individualised knowledge ; it is besides dependent on the societal and cultural state of affairs and values of the scholar. International research points to big differences in the mode in which and extent to which parents are involved in the instruction of their kids. The differences have been found to be associated with, among other things, the societal and cultural background and thereby social-ethnic composing of the school population. The grade and signifier of engagement, harmonizing to Desforges ( 2003 ) , are strongly influenced by societal beginning, educational background of the female parent, material want, the psycho-social wellness of the female parent, turning up in a single-parent household and-but to a lesser extent-ethnicity. The sentiments of the parents sing their function and their degree of trust in their ability to carry through this function have besides been found to be of critical importance ( Symeou, 2001 ; Phtiaka, 2001 ) . Kohl, Lengua and McMahon ( 2000 ) conclude on the footing of a comparing of ‘black ‘ and ‘white ‘ parents in deprived vicinities in th e USA that there are no differences for a figure of facets of parental engagement but decidedly differences for a figure of hazard factors, such as parental instruction and single-parent household. The writers emphasize that the quality of the engagement is more of import than the measure. Driessen, Smit and Sleegers ( 2005 ) conclude that the extent to which the kid is unfastened to parental engagement is the strongest forecaster of parental engagement at place while parental engagement at school depends chiefly on the extent to which instructors invite such engagement. Sheldon ( 2002 ) points to the importance of the size of the societal webs of parents as an of import forecaster of parental engagement. The treatment in the earlier subdivisions of the survey shows the paradigm displacement that has occurred with respects to seeing instruction as non merely the primary duty of either the parents or the school. What emerges, hence, is acknowledgment of the mutuality among parents, schools, and the community to foster a common goal-that is, the proper instruction and conveying up of kids, a undertaking that is clearly womb-to-tomb in nature ( Ndahayo and Gaikwad, 2004 ) . In fact, a good figure of research point to the fact that kids do better when there is an integrating of attempts between their parents and the school ( for illustration, see Pleyvak and Heaston, 2001 and Ndahayo and Gaikwad, 2004, among others ) . Harmonizing to the Scots Inspectorate of Education ( 2006 ) , the close working relationships between parents and schools help to develop kids ‘s larning attitudes, therefore doing them more capable of accomplishing their full potency. At the same clip, parental engagement ensures that instructors have a clearer and better apprehension of the kids ‘s household fortunes and personal accomplishments and traits. Parents are similarly benefited by this agreement because now they are in a better place to understanding what their kids larn, how good they are acquiring along in category and with friends and, most significantly, how they can lend positively to back up such larning in their ain place. Clear communicating channels between parents and instructors allow them address issues and concerns rapidly and efficaciously, so as to minimise their negative impact on the kids. Parents play an of import function in assisting their kid foster a positive attitude towards athleticss, as they are the 1s who can act upon future athletics activity picks ( Kanters, 2008 ) . Parents have besides come to see their kids ‘s engagement in competitory athleticss as a cardinal constituent in their overall socialisation. It is non merely the school that portions the load of duty with parents in the proper instruction of kids. For illustration, the UK authorities has besides already recognized the fact that doing kids larn the importance of regular physical activity in relation to good wellness has to be tackled even at the policy doing degree ( Hemming, 2007 ) . This recognizes that society has to step in and do compulsory certain facets of the proper instruction of kids to ease their development, because parents and schools can merely travel so far without holding a unvarying and effectual model to work with in implementing their programs and plans for wellness act ivities ( Hemming, 2007 ) . The fact that bulk of the school-based wellness enterprises launched in the UK in the past few old ages represents an of import paradigm displacement: the accent on developing a immature population that is physically active and healthy is no longer the exclusive duty of parents and persons, but of the school system every bit good. Epstein ( 1995 ) said that the theoretical account of overlapping domains of shared influence among the three major contexts where pupils learn and grow-the household, school and community-can be drawn together or pushed apart, depending on the collaborative model that is established among them. This theoretical account locates the pupil at the centre of acquisition, and so all attempts are geared towards assisting them advancement in their instruction and socialisation. Padavick ( 2009 ) noted that one of the most of import factors for the successful academic public presentation of kids is the engagement of parents in their acquisition. His survey presented an thorough analysis of relevant literature that surrounds the thought of parental engagement in the raising procedure of kids, along with the assorted theoretical constructs that have attempted to specify merely what parental engagement agencies in such a context. He wrote that parental engagement emerged as a construct in the learning procedure of the kid in 1890s, when the demand to specify the relationship between parents and schools became evident. Parent/teacher associations were the first establishments that linked the parent to the school. Later on, this led to the engagement non merely of educational governments in the attention and upbringing of the kid, but besides of the province. The US federal authorities began to pay more attending to the different plans that can lend to the positi ve development of the kids and the household, by tapping into the resources and activities of the school. The consequence of such engagement, nevertheless, turned out to be unfortunate, because the parents easy delegated the opportunity-or undertaking, depending on how one perceives the matter-to usher their kids ‘s acquisition to the school governments and to the authorities. Because of the lesser accent that was given to their existent aid in determining the educational accomplishment of the kids, parents took on a more inactive engagement in the surveies of the latter ( Padavick, 2009 ; Wright, Tim, 2009 ) . This mellow attitude of the parents can be traced to changing perceptual experiences of the parents and the instructors with respects to the extent of parental engagement of the former in their kids ‘s instruction. Clearly, meaningful relationships can merely be built if both parties understand the importance of their common engagement in the upbringing and instruction of the kid. Parents tend to believe that one time they have provided financially for the instruction of their kids, their function in the educational procedure has already been satisfied ( Flakes, 2007 ) , but this is far from the truth. Parents really have the lasting duty non merely to care for the kid but besides to educate him or her continuously, such that they could non wholly depute the undertaking of instruction to the instructors in school. Students benefit from this agreement because they can still demo successful academic accomplishment despite other factors that can function to draw down the same, if and when parents are able to demo active support throughout their early educational old ages. The impression of parental engagement in the instruction of kids is important because it will demo the extent to which parents are responsible for the latter ‘s instruction. It can function as the threshold boundary for indicating out where the duty of school decision makers, instructors and society starts. It is through their active engagement that parents show their echt involvement non merely in the development of their kid, but besides in their academic accomplishment and schooling ( Padavick, 2009 ) . Parental behaviour is of import in instilling the first survey wonts of the kid because it is the parents who foremost set up the demand to hold appropriate survey and drama times, every bit good as giving encouragement and motive for them to make their prep and other school-related activities. Therefore, they set up non merely the outlooks that their kids must endeavor for, but besides familiar modus operandis that would assist the latter focal point on their surveies and better academic public presentation subsequently on ( Cotton and Wikelund, 1989 as cited in Padavick, 2009 ) . Motivation is an of import facet of acquisition because it is what pushes the scholar to really absorb the lessons that he or she learns in school and to utilize it along with other old cognition and accomplishments. Motivation allows for the different edifice blocks of larning to go one incorporate whole, therefore determining the kid ‘s experiences and positions. Any sort of larning requires a good sum of motivation-both from the portion of the pupil to whom the information will be given, and from the portion of the instructor who is expected to supply the necessary input to jump-start the acquisition procedure. Therefore, it is besides of import to look at how motive affects the quality and velocity of the acquisition procedure, and to see how to increase such motive particularly on the portion of the pupil. For illustration, LiuolienA- and MetiA «nienA- ( 2006 ) have noted that motive in 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) larning research has received much attending in the past decennary, particularly motivational theories in drama inside the L2 schoolroom. Research workers agree that motive plays a critical function in the scholar ‘s accomplishment, if merely because the impulse to larn is coming from an internal, non an external, beginning. So powerful is motive that it can really be harnessed to overrule other larning factors such as linguistic communication aptitude, to impact the pupil ‘s public presentation in both negative and positive ways. But parents are non the end-all and be-all of the instruction of their kids. Even as school boards and decision makers try to prosecute the parents of their pupils in meaningful working relationships to better the behaviour and academic public presentation of the latter, it is still of import to observe that the motive to larn is non supplied merely by the parents. Such relationships would take to a more incorporate attack in raising the saloon of outlooks and accomplishments that a kid could achieve. Therefore, it appears from the research that it is the instructors who foremost initiate the constitution of a working relationship between the parents, school, and society at big ( Padvick, 2009 ) . There is accent on the fact that parents can travel out of inactive support for their kids ‘s instruction to taking a more proactive function in the latter ‘s development, to the point that they become â€Å" life-long coachs † who are willing to maintain unfastened lines of communicating with the instructors of their kids so that increased academic public presentation may be achieved ( Padavick, 2009 ) . Home-schooling parents may be the lone exclusion to the regulation in the sense that they do non hold to organize with their kid ‘s instructors to supervise and better the former ‘s academic public presentation. But the kid will non remain homeschooled everlastingly. For this intent, it is of import that home-schooling parents recognize that they may hold to portion the load and the privilege of holding joint influence over their kid ‘s instruction with his or her instructors in the hereafter. Majority of the literature points to the fact that there is a deficiency of sufficient parental engagement in determining the educational public presentation of the kid ( Padavick, 2009. Therefore, it is of import to understand the outlooks and parts that each stakeholder-parent, instructor or community-can spring to the positive development of kids. This is of import because merely when ends and involvements of all the parties concerned are established can earnest attempts to an integrating of schemes be made. Of class, every instructor would desire non merely a motivated pupil, but besides a pupil who has the benefit of a good family-school-community partnership to back up his successful academic accomplishment. The job, nevertheless, is that there is a deficiency of co-ordinated attempts among these three spouses in procuring the proper development of the kid. In this respect, the instructors can really utilize some aid in making effectual schemes that can construct meaningful partnerships between them and the parents and communities of the pupils and convert them to be more actively involved in the kids ‘s acquisition. Parental attitudes in larning impact on how their kids view instruction every bit good, and they can therefore be used as an of import tool for manipulating and increasing the kids ‘s involvements in their ain surveies Hill, Nnenia ( 2009 ) . However, possibly because of their occupations or their household duties, parents have been giving lesser attending to their kids ‘s acquisition procedure. Therefore, it is the instructors who must make ways and agencies to make out to the parents and convert them to take on a more active portion in the educational enterprises of the kids. For illustration, instructors have to efficaciously convert the parents non to go excessively intimidated with the school environment and the instructors who take over their kids ‘s instruction Hill, Nnenia ( 2009 ) . Parents do non ever experience welcome or needed in the learning procedure of their kids, so this may be one ground why they would instead withdraw to the out of boundss, so to talk. This serves as the individual biggest barrier that stops the parents and instructors from acquiring across to one another to construct a meaningful relationship that will profit the kids the most and guarantee their uninterrupted instruction and development. Snowflakes ( 2007 ) farther noted other grounds why parents do non collaborate with the instructors in guaranting the high educational accomplishment of their kids, particularly among parents of kids who belong to minority groups. There is a deficiency of general trust in the educational establishments, uncomfortableness in talking to the instructors, and a inclination to compare the examining inquiries of the instructors to disrespect. In this respect, it is of import for instructors to assist parents experience at place in the working relationship and to promote their engagement in a positive mode. This can merely be done if both parties know how much each one can lend to the development of the kid, in order to complement the other in the best manner possible. But the working relationship is uncomplete without the active engagement of the 3rd of import factor-the community ( Epstein 2001 ) . The overlapping domains of influence that Epstein ( 2001 ) had identified are situated in such a manner that the kid is found at the centre. The community is every bit of import as either of the other two factors because it can really function to beef up impressions that relate on the extent of the function of the household and the school in the upbringing of the kid. For illustration, Corner and Haynes ( 1997 ) noted that the deficiency of working relationship between parents and instructors in some inner-city vicinities in the United States have been intensified because of the unreal differentiations that society has created between the two. Society says that the school is responsible merely for the academic acquisition of the kid, while the household has sole power over the kid ‘s emotional and moral development. This categorised system of acquisition has someway prevented parents and instructors from making out to one another in order to make meaningful partnerships directed at bettering their kids ‘s holistic instruction. The truth of the affair is that kids do non halt larning wherever they may be ( Corner and Haynes 1997 ) . They do conveying their cognition from either place or school into the other. Therefore, it is of import to make a seamless larning environment between the place and the school in order to assist incorporate the kid ‘s cognition and acquisition experiences. This is where the community comes into the image. By supplying policies and plans that can beef up the parent-teacher relationship, the community can lend to the positive development of the kid. Epstein ( 2001 ) wrote that portion of the end of the working relationship is to make a â€Å" family-like school † or â€Å" school-like policy † , constructs that conveying together the best that each acquisition sphere has to offer. Abromitis ( 2009 ) likewise noted that with the community supervising the coordination of attempts between parents and instructors, effectual sharing of resources is possible. For illustration, schools can supply parents and their kids easy entree to community resources and services that they may necessitate in order to hike the latter ‘s academic public presentation. Smit, Driessen, Sluiter and Sleegers ( 2007 ) have investigated the types of parents and school schemes to make en effectual partnership. The consequences of this survey showed that parents in white schools support the instructors on activities ; these parents are represented as protagonists. On the other manus, parents that are non in the non-minority group and evidently with high societal position ever have a say in school affairs. These parents act as politicians. In contrast, schools with a batch of pupils that is disadvantaged, parents are given small or no attending in a say for school affairs. There is a constriction in white schools for parents that have no clip to back up the activities. These parents are career parents. On the other manus, there is a constriction in black schools as the parents here do non comprehend themselves as qualified in take parting in assorted school activities. These parents are labeled as absentee parents. It is farther shown in the research that strategies that are parallel with the different types of parents can be identified in school squads in order to recognize effectual partnership dealingss. Meyer, Armstrong-Coben and Batista ( 2005 ) described a theoretical account of community-academic partnership in New York City. The partnership included paediatric occupants and Alianza Dominicana, Inc. , a community based societal service organisation. The end of the partnership was to advance child wellness and development in the community. Harmonizing to the 2000 nose count, 72 % of the community served described themselves as Dominican. The community was located in a rural country with economically disadvantaged working category occupants. Meyer et Al. ( 2005 ) reflectively described four rules that lead to the success of this culturally diverse partnership. First, a trusting relationship was established among university module, paediatric occupants and community occupants. The relationship took old ages to develop because of misconceptions between the paediatric occupants and the community. The community perceived university module as the â€Å" Ivory Tower † and the paed iatric occupants as â€Å" chesty and omniscient † . The paediatric occupants perceived the community as destitute and deficient assets. Initially, the paediatric occupants did non see the assets within the community. Therefore, the message was to abandon prejudices in order to hold a positive working relationship. This was achieved through preparation Sessionss led by community leaders and module members. Community leaders bit by bit gained leading functions within the medical residence plan. Next, the constitution of specific defined ends was determined. The formation of the board of managers, dwelling of representatives from the community, module and occupants, was the 3rd rule and the last rule taking to the success of the partnership was unfastened communicating utilizing a common linguistic communication. The creative activity of a common linguistic communication was developed through â€Å" Narrative Lunches † , an activity for occupants and community members to speak about cultural differences in an unfastened duologue ( Meyer et al. 2005 ) . Buttery and Anderson ( 1999 ) published a synthesis and literature sing the kineticss between the parents, community and school. In drumhead, they emphasized that interaction between and among places and school are really important for constructing a acquisition environment. The United States has stood long before the publicity of instruction in kids every bit good as the publicity of parental partnership with the community for the overall growing of kids. This will further heighten the effectivity of the schools. Smit and Driessen ( 2005 ) published a survey sing the importance of instruction as a requirement in the engagement of parents every bit good as the instructors in the intercultural jobs at school and in the society. However, in most instances, there underlies a deficiency in communicating. It has been suggested that instructors and parents should be more cognizant of the fact that they need each other in pass oning better sing the pedagogical jobs particularly at place and school. Besides, they need to pass on in incorporating their part to the kids ‘s upbringing and instruction. Boaduo, Milondzo and Adjei ( 2009 ) conducted a survey sing parent-community engagement in school administration and its consequence on instructor ‘s effectivity and betterment on the public presentation of the scholars. The survey was conducted in primary and secondary schools in Botswana. The careworn decision from this said survey is that in schools wherein parents and community engagement is really seeable, instructors are effectual and contributes to the pupils ‘ positive behaviour and their public presentations ‘ improved. Coleman and Hutchens ( 1995 ) conducted a predicted survey of administrative and teacher variables sing their communicating in early childhood instruction. Four 100s eighty three preschool instructor samples were studied. Consequences of multiple arrested development analysis showed that the features of early childhood scene that is associated with administrative determination contributes chiefly in explicating the discrepancy of how frequently parents and instructors communicate. Kilpatrick, Johns and Mulford ( 2003 ) conducted a survey sing the development of community partnerships in larning in the rural communities. It was concluded in this survey that the attack to school-community relationship is really important to the long-run opportunities of success. A tactical attack affecting a series of tactics or speedy holes, or a strategic attack concentrating merely on peculiar countries of failing and schemes to turn to these countries, are non as likely to be every bit successful as on-going capacity constructing originating from a sense of shared school-community vision for the hereafter. At the same clip, it must be recognized that edifice of school-community partnerships occurs over clip, and leading procedures must admit and construct on this. It is aimed of holding a school and community that have a sense of bureau ; that is, an ability to move purposefully in chase of ends, to self-regulate, and to larn and alter as and when they decide it is in their corporate involvements to make so. In a similar survey by Goos, Lowrie and Jolly ( 2007 ) , wherein Australia is the topic, they have explored the originating research on educational partnership between households, schools and communities. The partnership ‘s impacts in larning diverseness in kids ‘s numeracy and acquisition were studied. It was concluded in this survey that in the field of place, school and community partnerships there is no consistent understanding about the significance of the footings â€Å" partnerships † , â€Å" parent engagement † and â€Å" community engagement † . Many different sorts of activities fall within this field. In add-on, the stakeholders in these connexions between place, school and community may keep conflicting perceptual experiences about numeracy, and about their functions and the functions of other stakeholders. In analyzing effectual partnerships in numeracy instruction, the importance of relationships, common trust, and regard developed over an drawn-out period of clip was a subject that emerged from our instance survey analysis. This indispensable good will can non be created wholly by support or targeted plans, and plans such as the Mobile Pre-school Pilot Program and Distance Education in rural Australia owe their success to a long history of cooperation and joint endeavor centered on the public assistance and instruction of kids, their households and communities. It was besides notable that some of the most effectual partnerships we identified for our instance surveies were non initiated as numeracy plans but took a more holistic attack ( cf Hexter, 1990 ) . The research indicates that constructing strong home-school-community partnerships around kids ‘s acquisition in general can put the basis for numeracy-specific acquisition. In culturally diverse communities we would propose that partnership edifice is of paramount importance, and should continue – or at least accompany – the debut of educat ional plans that seek to originate kids into numeracy patterns that are valued but different from those of their place civilization. Plenty of grounds was found that parents truly care about their kids ‘s instruction, it was every bit clear that non all parents want to be actively involved in all facets of schooling and many see their function as chiefly a supportive 1. Possibly the most productive manner forward is to concentrate on what each participant – parent, instructor, community member – can convey to the partnership that will do best usage of their diverse expertness, backgrounds, and involvements in back uping the kid ‘s numeracy acquisition. Dhingra, Manhas and Sethi ( 2007 ) examined the parents ‘ engagement of parents in school related activities. Further, it listed the assorted agencies of communicating being used by parents to get information sing the kids ‘s public presentation and suggestion on bettering the relationship between schools and parents. It was found that parental engagement in schools was limited. Very few of them were members of regulating commission or acted as resource individuals. Whenever there was incidence of engagement male parents exceeded in Numberss. Parents were largely concerned about the academic public presentation of their wards. Majority of female parents visited schools on a regular footing to cognize about their kid ‘s public presentation. The issues of treatment were chiefly behavior of the kid and general school public presentation. However, parents used varied beginnings to garner information about kid related issues and the most normally used medium was school d airy ( 71 % ) followed by parent instructor meeting ( 50 % ) , school magazine etc. Another national survey explored passage patterns ( Early, Pianta, Taylor, & A ; Cox, 2001 ) and examined the hypothesis that school-centered passage patterns had three features: 1 ) provided outreach to households, preschools, and communities ; 2 ) looked back in clip to do connexions before kid entered school ; and 3 ) provided activities of appropriate strength. Using informations from the National Center for Early Development and Learning ( NCEDL ) Transition Practices Survey ( stratified, random sample of over 10,000 kindergarten instructors ) , research workers described passage patterns and identified passage barriers. Between-group comparings were conducted from over 3,500 questionnaires. Main findings showed that instructors with preparation in passage activities made attempts to vary activities. Delaies in obtaining category lists created barriers to optimal passage pattern. Besides, schools need to make ready environments instead than keeping high outlooks of single kids à ¢â‚¬Ëœs school preparedness. Jewett et Al. ( 1998 ) engaged in a narrative survey of four simple instructors to understand what is involved in efficaciously back uping school preparedness ( i.e. , passage ) of kids with particular demands. Research workers used informations from instructors ‘ brooding diary Hagiographas from April to December 1996. Consequences were categorized into five passage undertakings. A subject of stressfulness emerged based on many challenges for instructors. Research workers suggested schools must admit instructors ‘ overpowering duty and aid in relieving stressors by supplying extra support and resources. Another Head Start survey explored instructors and kids as co-creators of behaviours characterized as at hazard or promise as kids transitioned to kindergarten. Researchers conducted an ethnographic survey in 1993 that included observations over a 6-month period at a local Head Start/Transition Demonstration site. Skinner, Bryant, Coffman, and Campbell ( 1998 ) followed 21 pupils in the mark group through kindergarten. Field notes were analyzed which revealed grounds that even in the first hebdomads of school, instructors and preschoolers showed marks of co-constructing patterns that moved kids onto a way of school failure. Issues of race and civilization became portion of the discourse and co-construction. Teachers held unrealistic outlooks to â€Å" repair † the at hazard kid. Traditional learning environments did non back up kids ‘s ongoing development whereas those who spent more clip and energy pulling out kids ‘s single strengths co-created concepts of promis e. Ethnographers acknowledged that kids ‘s academic promise was a joint duty of schools, places, communities, and larger society. The offering of chances for parents to take part in the instruction of their kids has been found to exercise a positive influence on the cognitive development and accomplishment of students ( Boethel, 2004 ; Driessen & A ; Smit, 2007 ; Epstein et Al, 2002 ) . However, a few surveies show no effects of such chances ( Mattingly, Prinslin, McKenzie, Rodriguez & A ; Kayzar, 2002 ) . Parental engagement is besides frequently considered one of the most of import constituents or features of effectual schools ( Driessen, Smit & A ; Sleegers, 2005 ) . In add-on to the positive effects of parental engagement on the school accomplishment of kids, positive effects on the societal operation of students have besides been found in assorted surveies. This involves facets of the behaviour of students, their motive, societal competency, the dealingss between instructors and students, and the dealingss among the students themselves ( Boethel, 2003 ; Henderson & A ; Mapp, 2002 ; Jordan, Orozco & A ; Ave rett, 2001 ) . Meyer, Armstrong-Coben and Batista ( 2005 ) described a theoretical account of community-academic partnership in New York City. The partnership included paediatric occupants and Alianza Dominicana, Inc. , a community based societal service organisation. The end of the partnership was to advance child wellness and development in the community. Harmonizing to the 2000 nose count, 72 % of the community served described themselves as Dominican. The community was located in a rural country with economically disadvantaged working category occupants. Meyer et Al. ( 2005 ) reflectively described four rules that lead to the success of this culturally diverse partnership. First, a trusting relationship was established among university module, paediatric occupants and community occupants. The relationship took old ages to develop because of misconceptions between the paediatric occupants and the community. The community perceived university module as the â€Å" Ivory Tower † and the paed iatric occupants as â€Å" chesty and omniscient † . The paediatric occupants perceived the community as destitute and deficient assets. Initially, the paediatric occupants did non see the assets within the community. Therefore, the message was to abandon prejudices in order to hold a positive working relationship. This was achieved through preparation Sessionss led by community leaders and module members. Community leaders bit by bit gained leading functions within the medical residence plan. Next, the constitution of specific defined ends was determined. The formation of the board of managers, dwelling of representatives from the community, module and occupants, was the 3rd rule and the last rule taking to the success of the partnership was unfastened communicating utilizing a common linguistic communication. The creative activity of a common linguistic communication was developed through â€Å" Narrative Lunches † , an activity for occupants and community members to speak about cultural differences in an unfastened duologue ( Meyer et al. 2005 ) . Some of the literature beginnings advised that the determination about the precise nature of parent engagement must take into history cultural, cultural and category differences every bit good as fluctuations related to the age and gender of scholars ( Fullan, 2001 ) . Furthermore, Shaeffer ( 1994 ) is of the sentiment that in finding what conditions parent-community engagement is most good we have to understand the different signifiers of parent-community engagement and their effects for the school, the scholar and other forces in the whole school system. The ground provided by Shaeffer and others is that certain signifiers of engagement produce positive consequences while others may be uneconomical or wholly antagonistic productive ( Anderson, 1991 ; Shaeffer, 1994 ) . Leadership processes in order to convey approximately and back up sustainable alteration within educational scenes ( e.g. Mulford, 2003 ; Lambert, 1998 ; Sergiovanni, 1994 ) . Leithwood ( 1994 ) and Silins & A ; Mulford ( 2002 ) argue that transformational leading facilitates effectual school reform. Transformational leading patterns of school leaders include the development of a widely shared school vision and collaborative civilization, furthering the committedness and capacity of staff, administering duty for leading, and back uping coaction with appropriate resourcing. These impressions of leading are supported in the community development literature ( e.g. Henton, Melville & A ; Walesh, 1997 ; Langone & A ; Rohs, 1995 ; Chrislip & A ; Larson, 1994 ) . Other elements or edifice blocks for effectual schoola?’community partnerships are summarized by Schorr ( 1997 ) , who found that successful plans: are non mandated by policy but respond to community demands ; rely on the co mmunity ‘s ain resources and strengths ; pull extensively on outside resources for support, proficient expertness and to act upon policy ; and are based on strong relationships based on common trust and regard which are sustained by institutional support. Schorr ( 1997 ) besides noted that successful schoola?’community partnerships have a long-run orientation and go on to germinate over clip. Other factors identified in the literature as act uponing the school-community partnership include size of the school and community and propinquity of the school to the community, continuity of resources, and the importance of promotion and bipartisan communicating ( Carlsmith & A ; Railsback, 2001 ; CRLRA, 2001 ; Miller, 1995 ; Combs & A ; Bailey, 1992 ) .