Impact of technology :: essays research papers

Impact of Technology & Ethical Decision Making The decision making process will always present ethical challenges to managers. Is this the right thing to do? This question is the center of the ethical dilemma for any one who is a decision maker in corporations through out the world. A collection of many factors will be taken in consideration in answering to this question. Is it right for the company? Is it right for me? There are many ways to approach the ethical subject, and different ethical values may and can come from different approaches like in the way a decision can be evaluated is dependent on the values and interests of the person or group of people evaluating that decision. For example some stakeholders in some companies will not care that much if the decision was made based on ethical values counting it generated the results they expected. This is where the risk lies, because the decision maker will also have this mind when deciding about the subject, depending on how much he or she may over look some ethical issues in lieu that a good outcome or good earnings can come through. The ground rules about which a decision maker will care are highly dependent on the moral approach. The decision maker may use a self interest or material approach and decision that will be directed towards his or her own benefit these decisions can sometimes cause good results for the company even if the decision maker has only the self- interest in mind. It is not rare that a manager will make decisions using this approach. A different approach may be used and decision happens based on the actual number of people benefited by it. Usually this utilitarian approach takes into consideration the consequences of a decision as a method for evaluating it is morality.

Theories of Personality Essays -- Psychology, Personality Test

Introversion has the greatest chance of negatively affecting SLA. Students that are afraid of embarrassing themselves by speaking incorrectly or by not being able to speak at all may try to avoid opportunities that would otherwise aid their learning (Zhang, 2008). Since 1960, personality has emerged as major field of specialization among doctoral candidates (Vance & Macphail, 1964). Many investigations have been accomplished followed by literature on a variety of theories of personality. The importance on individual differences and distinctiveness of the individual are the most frequent features of the study of personality. There is a guarantee that each person’s profile is different from that of another person and thus, each person has unique personality (Allport & Odbert, 1936). Nevertheless, the question is how do we determine personality? In general, the easiest approach to do this was through the observations of individual differences. Though, the validity and reliability of such observation can be questioned as it is not efficient and systematic adequately. On the other han...

Medical Paternalism or Patient Autonomy

Medical Paternalism or Patient Autonomy At issue in the controversy over medical paternalism is the problem of patient autonomy. Medical paternalism can be defined as interfering with a patient’s freedom for his or her own well-being; patient autonomy means being able to act and make a decision intentionally, with understanding, and without controlling influences (Munson, 38 & 39). The principle of informed consent has come to be essential to any philosophical analysis of the tension between medical paternalism and patient autonomy in healthcare decision-making.However, despite the obligatory duties physicians have to their patients, patient involvement and informed consent should be valued in certain medical cases. Consider, for example, the case of Monica, a 49-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for acute respiratory insufficiency. As a heavy smoker, she had been experiencing dyspnea. Upon examination it appeared she had several abnormalities in the chest. Follo wing this she became cyanotic and nearly lost all consciousness.Furthermore, a bronchoscopy revealed a large, tumor-like mass in her trachea. Upon further examination it was determined by a multidisciplinary treatment team that Monica was so advanced in the tumor, removing it would not be possible, either by surgery or laser. In addition, chemotherapy and radiation therapy would not have helped and implanting a stent would have been difficult. Monica had at most three more months to live.With such factors taken into consideration, the team devised four possible alternatives: remove life-sustaining measures, continue mechanical ventilation and heavy sedation without treating any complications, implant a stent without Monica’s consent, or wake Monica and inform her on the diagnosis and possible alternatives while giving her the final choice. However, the team does not believe that Monica will have the full autonomy to make a rational decision on her own.Furthermore, the team wo rry that reducing sedation while Monica is being intubated will induce tremendous physical pain. The question therefore remains whether they should wake her and inform her diagnosis and prognosis and allow her to make the decision or make a medical paternalistic decision on her behalf. Because each possible alternative presented in this case have a similar unfortunate end result, it appears that the medical ethics issue at most concern is the failure to respect the patient’s autonomy.The principle of autonomy clearly dictates that Monica should have the opportunity to decide about her future. There are limits to imposing suffering on patients in order to grant them autonomy in decision-making, but only patients themselves can know exactly what those limits are. Therefore the caregivers must ask if Monica would prefer to be awakened from sedation at all. If so they must then consider whether she would want to participate in the difficult decision about her treatment options.Bu t despite these considerations, Monica has a right to be informed to a degree that she herself decides her medical fate. Therefore, the team should wake her. The harm done to her by waking her, however, should be kept to a minimum. She should know her diagnosis and prognosis, and that she can at any time delegate the decision-making power to another person and receive sedating medication. The question for Monica's caregivers, then, is whether autonomy becomes overvalued when it conflicts with other values.When the possibility was discussed of waking Monica so that she could decide what to do next, the multidisciplinary treatment team worried that she would not be in any position to make an autonomous decision on any possible issue when faced with physical suffering and a horrible prognosis, Consider, however, Kant’s Metaphysical Principles of Virtue. In this article Kant states that everyone is worthy in making his or her own decisions as human beings (Korsgaard). Therefore, Kant would argue that Monica’s physicians are obligated to let her make her own treatment decision.He would even go far enough to say that the caregivers are in no position to judge her level of competence. Accordingly, Monica's willingness to make a decision will depend on her individual level of pain and ability to learn that she is near death; it will not depend on the physicians’ judgments. Of course, not respecting Monica's autonomy would represent a decision that could be characterized as paternalism. Oftentimes, the word paternalism is associated with physicians telling patients what is good for them, without regard to the patient’s own needs and interests.In the larger sense, however, the relationship between physicians and patients is a paternalistic, beneficent relationship: the physicians are expected to do what is medically best for the patient, according to Dworkin (Munson, 60). According to the principle of beneficence, physicians have a responsibi lity to act in ways that promote the well-being of their patients (Munson, 892). Monica faces so short a life expectancy, and the quality of that life can be presumed to be so miserable, that the caregivers may ask whether waking her just for the purpose of letting her choose among her horrible options will in fact cause more harm than good.So when deciding about Monica's participation in the treatment decision, the caregivers are right to be concerned about whether she will truly be competent when woken up. But if the underlying concern is competency, we can make the case that she is more than capable of making a treatment decision: since there is no â€Å"best† alternative among the treatment possibilities, Monica will not be in a position of asking the caregivers to do something that will inflict harm upon herself, and thus will not have to â€Å"prove† her competency on the highest standards.Therefore, paternalism and beneficence from this perspective is essentiall y irrelevant overall. The caregivers are not at a position to provide what is medically best for Monica because all options lead to about the same unfortunate outcome. In such case there is ultimately no reason why the caregivers cannot respect Monica’s autonomy at the very least. One valid argument against the respect for Monica’s autonomy is that reducing sedation in an intubated patient like Monica in order to allow her to be informed about her situation and to communicate her preferences will induce significant physical pain.And learning in such a difficult moment that she is going to die soon of lung cancer is likely to be very painful psychologically. However, as stated previously, Monica's willingness to accept this suffering will depend on her individual level of pain and her ability to cope with both pain and learning that she is near death. Perhaps even more importantly, it will depend on whether there are important things in her life that she would like to a ccomplish before she dies.Many patients would like at least to say goodbye to their loved ones or clarify a relationship after a recent dispute. Monica might want to make a will or indicate how and by whom her affairs should be handled after her death. Such factors are extremely important to consider upon the last few months of a patient’s life. Works Cited Korsgaard, C. M. , Autonomy in Kant’s Moral Philosophy. 1990 Munson, R. Intervention and Relfection. Boston: Clark Baxter, 2012. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Non-Hodgins Lymphoma with Case Study Example

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphocytes the white blood cells. The lymphocytes and lymph system are essential in our body’s immune protection. It is an abnormal growth rate of these cells. Since lymph is found throughout the body it is easily spread from one area to another. In 2008 there were over 66,000 new cases and just over 19,000 deaths from it (cancer. gov). It is categorized as slow growing or fast growing, as well as if it starts in the T-cells or the B-cells. Lymphomas from B cells are most common in the United States. The lymphoma can develop in any of the lymph tissues, and discovery of which kind of lymphoma determines the treatment options (cancer. org). Causes Although there are no definite causes to Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma there have cases where it has been linked to persons with another ailment. Autoimmune diseases like RA and SLE have been linked to NHL. Exposures to chemicals such as benzene and treatments in chemotherapy have been seen in trends to cause NHL. People who are immunocompromised like HIV patients and those that are on immunosuppressant from transplants are also at risk for Lymphomas. Also, people having excessive exposure to large amounts of radiation, like cancer treatments have an increased risk of developing this lymphoma. NHL is mostly seen in the older community so age is also a risk factor. Also chronic diseases may increase the chances of getting a lymphoma due to the increased risk of mutations from constantly producing new lymph cells. Some patients can be born with a disease that can lead to NHL due to a defect in their DNA. It is not likely that they can pass on the NHL to their offspring if they don’t have the underlying disease. Most often it develops independently. Discovery Lumps in the skin and lymph nodes can be discovered by the patient, their partner or doctor. Where the lump is located can also give extra symptoms. For instance, if it is found near the skin there would be a swelling in the surrounding tissue. If it’s in the abdomen it can cause severe pain and possible digestive problems. If the lymphoma is on the skin t can cause an itchy patch. If it is in the chest cavity it can cause trouble breathing. Case Study: Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Shannon Z is an active 58 yr old female. In her early twenties she had undergone chemotherapy and radiation for her treatment of breast cancer. When she noticed the lump in her neck she immediately went to see her doctor. The doctor ordered some blood tests and a biopsy of the lump. Her doctor wasn’t very concerned because fighting an infection can also cause enlarged nodes in the neck. She ordered the tests anyway because of the patient’s medical history. Along with the lump, she experienced drenching night sweats which are another symptom of NHL but she thought it was a side effect of menopause. Other signs to look for would be persistent fevers and a sudden loss of weight, usually 10 % body weight or more. An incisional biopsy is a surgical technique used to obtain a sample of the node for observation. This was used because the enlarged node was close to the skin surface. There are other biopsies available. Fine needle biopsies can also be used but often don’t provide enough sample to determine if its lymphoma or not but does not require surgery. Lumbar punctures look for lymphoma in the CNS. Bone marrow aspiration looks for the cancer inside the bone and bone marrow by removing pieces of the bone and/or marrow. Laboratory tests All samples must be diagnosed be a trained pathologist with experience in lymphomas. The most important test would be those differentiating if the patient has a cancer, then T cell lymphoma from the B cell lymphoma. If a concrete diagnosis can’t be made from looking at the cells then other methods must be used. Methods like Immunocytochemistry involve using fluorescent tags on the surface of the cells can differentiate the different lymphomas from each other and non cancerous diseases. Flow cytometry uses antibody tagging and laser beams to cause the cells to emit light if they have the antigen. This is important because different NHL’s have specific antigens. Discovery of the type of NHL helps determine the treatment route. Blood tests cannot determine a lymphoma but they do show significance of the rate of growth of the lymphoma. CT scans and MRIs provide the doctors with images of the size of the actual lymph nodes and how many growths there are through the body. Prognosis There are two staging systems for NHL. The most common is the Ann Arbor system. It uses 1-4 to stage the severity of the disease. Stage 1 has lymphoma in one area in the lymph system and one outside the system (organ). A lymphoma is considered stage 2 if it is found exclusively in 2 areas above or 2 areas below the diaphragm and organs in close proximity to lymph. Stage 3 occurs when it is found on both sides of the diaphragm and other organs near lymph. Stage 4 is when lymphoma reaches the bone marrow, CSF, or an organ not next to a lymph source. This system is used in conjunction with the International Prognosis Index. The IPI uses the age of the patient, stage of the cancer, patient everyday performance status, location of the tumors, and levels of LDH (increases as the lymphoma spreads) Good Prognostic FactorsPoor Prognostic Factors Age 60 or belowAge above 60 Stage I or IIStage III or IV No lymphoma outside of lymph nodes, or lymphoma in only 1 area outside of lymph nodesLymphoma present in more than 1 organ of the body outside of lymph nodes PS: Able to function normallyPS: Needs a lot of help with daily activities Serum LDH is normalSerum LDH is elevated (Chart provided from www. cancer. org) Treatment Chemotherapy is often used in conjunction with radiation for low levels, or with medications like Rituxan or Zavalin. Rituxan is an antibody that targets the cancerous cells. Zavalin is an antibody with a radioactive component. The antibody attaches itself and the radioactive isotope destroys the cell. These drugs are used for the more persistent lymphomas because chemo and radiation have been proven very effective against the lymphoma. Stem cell transplantation is also another option. Once diagnosed, patients are requested to have frequent physicals and blood tests to track the growth of the cancer. Resources http://www. oncologychannel. com/nonhodgkins/diagnosis. shtml http://www. cancer. org http://www. cancer. com http://www. mayoclinic. org

Aspects Of Adolescent Reproductive Health Health And Social Care Essay

Aspects Of Adolescent Reproductive Health Health And Social Care Essay Adolescent means â€Å"to grow to maturity† and is an important period in life span. Reproduction means â€Å"production of offspring â€Å". Health means â€Å"state of complete physical, mental, and social well being. After birth the child grows towards maturity and makes them a contributing member of the society. ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS: The principal organs are ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and vagina. Female reproductive cycle includes both ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle. Female reproductive function begins with the development of â€Å"ova† in the ovaries. The oogonia (primitive germ cell) are dominant from fetal period and are transformed to mature oocyte at puberty. OVARIAN CYCLE OR MENSTRUAL CYCLE: A single ovum is expelled from an ovarian follicle in to the abdominal cavity in the middle (14th day) of each month (28 days) menstrual cycle this process of rupture of grafian follicle with release of the ovum is called ovulation. Thus the 12-18 days in a 28days cycle is called fertile period. This ovum is engulfed by fimbrae and is transported to a uterus by the fallopian tube. When fusion of sperm and ovum which develop in to fetus, thus menstruation stops. This process is called as fertilization. When the ovum is not fertilized then menstruation starts which is cyclical discharge of blood, mucus, unfertilized ovum, and torn endometrial from the uterus per vagina. PUBERTY: Puberty is the period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and capability of sexual reproduction is attained where boys attained manhood and girls attained womanhood. PUBERTY IN FEMALES: Girls begin there growth spurt between 9-13 yrs of age Increase in body fat Development of sexual character like pubic hair, and auxiliary hair appear. Development of breast tissue Rapid increase in height and weight begin to menstruate ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: Menstrual hygiene Te enage pregnancy Sex education and sexual behavior Sexually transmitted disease Contraceptive devices MENSTRUAL HYGIENE Menstrual hygiene refers to the hygiene during menstrual period. It includes use of clean pad changing of soaked pad proper disposal of used pad, perineal and personal hygiene with daily activities like diet, exercise, and rest. During menstruation Daily twice bathing is essential because to reduce body heat and fatigue. Washing the genital region daily with soap and water to prevent genital infection. The diet should consist of vegetables and fruits which gives nourishment and normal diet. During menstruation iron rich foods helps to maintain the hemoglobin level. Sanitary napkins can be used to observe the menstrual flow. Use sanitary napkins or use clean cotton cloth. If cloth is to be reused wash with soap dry in sunlight and preserve in with napthalin balls in plastic bags. Change the napkin three times a day and every 4-6hrs per day. Used napkins should not be reused because its very unhygienic and lead to reproductive tract infection. Used napkin should be burned immediately. When the blood stained napkin rub against the thigh the skin of the thigh gets sore and walking may become uncomfortable. So the thigh region should be kept dry.

CLASS ROSTER PROJECT and Summary Grade by Artifact Coursework

CLASS ROSTER PROJECT and Summary Grade by Artifact - Coursework Example Analogous to the hierarchical model only there's no parent/child difference. Any record kind may be linked with any number of dissimilar record types. Data quality and operations on the attributes are summarizing inside objects. Objects can inherit properties, can be widespread to form new objects, and are reusable. The O-O model is a quite original way of looking at things. Just remember that these are universal policy. Common sense will constantly require to be applied to check the excellence of the relationship modeling. Again this step is supposed to be done extremely methodically. A relation in 4NF that does not have a unite dependency. A link dependency occurs when a relation cannot be alienated into two (or more) relations such that the ensuing tables can be recombined to form the unique table. By means of normalization entire we know move on to step 3, where we step back at our normalized relations and see of there's any way we can logical combinations we can make to simplify the set, decrease overlap, and/or increase competence. One of the major complaints concerning relational databases is the intricacy of the relations themselves. That is, how everything's split out into every these tables. This is where we effort to reduce that difficulty.

Topical case study report Who will stop Apple's dominance of the music Essay

Topical case study report Who will stop Apple's dominance of the music delivery business - Essay Example There are some elements of surprise with each of the Apple product. This element of surprise has been the primary strategy for Apple. Whenever Apple launches a new product, million dollars are generated in free internet publicity. This has been an important part of Apple’s carefully designed strategy in order to gain customer attention (OGrady, 2008). Today some of the major products of Apple include Macintosh computer, Apple TV, iPod, iPhone, iTunes etc. In April, 2003 Apple first launched its online music store, iTunes. The music store was launched with 200,000 tracks. There are exclusive tracks 20 special artists which include U2 and Bob Dylan (Borland, J. April 28, 2003). Apple, with the launching of this new online music store, has made its position stronger than it was ever before in the digital music world. Now, the question is that could this dominance of Apple be stopped. This paper includes an in depth strategic analysis of Apple as well as of iTunes. Strategic tools that are used are Porter’s five forces model, PESTLE analysis, and Porter’s generic model. The paper also includes a critical analysis of Apple’s competitor analysis, its current market share and position. Finally the paper ends with conclusion and some specific recommendation. iTunes Music Store was launched in United kingdom in mid of 2004. Almost 800,000 songs were sold in the first week only. With this huge figure Apple surpassed OD2 which is the main competitor of the company in the first few days. As far as features were concerned UK stores were almost identical to the stores in US. Competitiveness of online music stores market could be better analyzed with the help of Porter’s Five Forces model. Any industry’s structure could be analyzed by analyzing its competitive forces. According to Michael Porter there are five competitive forces that play an important role in shaping the structure of any